6 | Symbol | Definition |
7 |----------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
8 | `.` | a single period refers to the current directory |
9 | `..` | a double period refers to the directory immediately above the current directory |
10 | `~` | refers to your home directory. _Note:_ this command does NOT work on Windows machines (Mac and Linux are okay) |
11 | `cd ./dirname` | changes the current directory to the directory `dirname` |
12 | `ls -F` | tells you what files and directories are in the current directory |
16 ## 2. Creating Things:
17 ### a) How to create new files and directories...
18 * **`mkdir ./dirname`** --> makes a new directory called dirname below the current directory. _Note:_ Windows users will need to use `\` instead of `/` for the path separator
19 * **`nano filename`** --> if `filename` does not exist, `nano` creates it and opens the `nano` text editor. If the file exists, `nano` opens it. _Note:_ _(i)_ You can use a different text editor if you like. In gnome Linux, `gedit` works really well too. _(ii)_ `nano` (or `gedit`) create text files. It doesn't matter what the file extension is (or if there is one)
21 ### b) How to delete files and directories...
22 #### _Remember that deleting is forever. There is NO going back_
23 * **`rm ./filename`** --> deletes a file called `filename` from the current directory
24 * **`rmdir ./dirname`** --> deletes the directory `dirname` from the current directory. _Note:_ `dirname` must be empty for `rmdir` to run.
26 ### c) How to copy and rename files and directories...
27 * **`mv tmp/filename .`** --> moves the file `filename` from the directory `tmp` to the current directory. _Note:_ _(i)_ the original `filename` in `tmp` is deleted. _(ii)_ `mv` can also be used to rename files (e.g., `mv filename newname`
28 * **`cp tmp/filename .`** --> copies the file `filename` from the directory `tmp` to the current directory. _Note:_ _(i)_ the original file is still there
32 ## 3. Pipes and Filters
33 ### a) How to use wildcards to match filenames...
34 Wildcards are a shell feature that makes the command line much more powerful than any GUI file managers.
37 ** Table of commonly used wildcards **
39 | Wildcard | Matches |
40 |------------------------|------------------------------------------------|
41 | `*` | zero or more characters |
42 | `?` | exactly one character |
43 | `[abcde]` | exactly one of the characters listed |
44 | `[a-e]` | exactly one character in the given range |
45 | `[!abcde]` | any character not listed |
46 | `[!a-e]` | any character that is not in the given range |
47 | `{software,carpentry}` | exactly one entire word from the options given |
51 ### b) That wildcards are expanded by the shell before commands are run...
52 ### c) How to redirect a command's output to a file...
53 ### d) How to redirect a command's input from a file...
54 ### e) How to use the output of one command as the input to another with a pipe...
55 ### f) That combining single-purpose filters with pipes is the most productive way to use the shell...
56 ### g) That if a program conforms to Unix conventions, it can easily be combined with others...
65 * **`varname[0]`** --> _Note:_ the shell is zero indexed. That means you always start counting from zero
69 * **`${varname[@]` -->
74 NEED TO DO VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT FIRST!!!!
75 ### a) How to repeat operations using a loop...
77 `for filename in *.dat
79 mv ${filename} ${newname}
89 ### b) That the loop variable takes on a different value each time through the loop...
90 ### c) The difference between a variable's name and its value...
91 ### d) Why spaces and some punctuation characters shouldn't be used in files' names...
92 ### e) How to display history and re-use commands...
93 * **`history`** --> displays your command history to the standard output (usually the screen)
98 ### a) How to store shell commands in a file...
99 ### b) How to run a shell script...
100 ### c) How to pass filenames into a shell script...
105 ### a) How to select lines matching patterns in text files...
106 * **`grep [options] day haiku.txt`** --> finds every instance of the string `day` in the file haiku.txt and pipes it to standard output.
107 * **`-E`** --> tells grep you will be using a regular expression. Enclose the regular expression in quotes. _Note:_ the power of `grep` comes from using regular expressions. Please see the regular expressions sheet for examples
108 * **`-i`** --> makes matching case-insensitive
109 * **`-n`** --> limits the number of lines that match to the first n matches
110 * **`-v`** --> shows lines that do not match the pattern (inverts the match)
111 * **`-w`** --> outputs instances where the pattern is a whole word
113 ### b) How to find files with certain properties...
114 * **`find . -type d` -->
115 * **`-type [df]`** --> d lists directories; f lists files
116 * **`-maxdepth n`** --> `find` automatically searches subdirectories. If you don't want that, specify the number of levels below the working directory you would like to search
117 * **`-mindepth n`** --> starts `find`'s search n levels below the working directory
119 ### c) How to use one command's output as arguments to another command...
121 ### d) How are text and binary files different?...