Restore C++ example, and expad Makefile to handle multiple programs.

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 1c52c8abf629328e9d5d9cb55e0fe2b5c275ef0f..3723be1f2c5c2265e8084b5d240e72f98292dbef 100644 (file)
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 hello_world
 hello_world

+goodbye_world

 *.o
 *.o

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 1e31bc7fb5ce6de09bc89fde84f099f1a2a0c257..5ff17ab7e4eda5e4d8905c59d936722c7cc641f5 100644 (file)
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -24,18 +24,28 @@ COURSE = phys405
 PACKAGE = hw0
 VERSION = 1
 RELEASE = $(COURSE)-$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)
 PACKAGE = hw0
 VERSION = 1
 RELEASE = $(COURSE)-$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)

-PROGRAM = hello_world
+RUN_PROGRAM = hello_world
+C_PROGRAMS = hello_world
+CXX_PROGRAMS = goodbye_world
+PROGRAMS = $(C_PROGRAMS) $(CXX_PROGRAMS)

 
 # Define the source files that will be distributed in the tarball
 SOURCE = *.c COPYING Makefile README
 
 
 # Define the source files that will be distributed in the tarball
 SOURCE = *.c COPYING Makefile README
 

-# Define a list of object files needed to link PROGRAM
-OBJECTS = $(PROGRAM).o
+# Define a list of object files needed to link PROGRAM.  We're setting
+# things up here so that a program % depends on the object file %.o.
+# For details on `foreach` and `eval`, see
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Foreach-Function.html
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Eval-Function.html
+$(foreach PROGRAM, $(PROGRAMS), $(eval $(PROGRAM)_OBJECTS = $(PROGRAM).o))
+
+# You can override a paricular case here with something like:
+#hello_world_OBJECTS = hello_world.o utility_code.o

 
 # You may want to link agains external libraries.  For example, to
 # link against the system math library, use.
 
 # You may want to link agains external libraries.  For example, to
 # link against the system math library, use.

-#   LIBS = -lm
-LIBS =
+#   hello_world_LIBS = -lm
+$(foreach PROGRAM, $(PROGRAMS), $(eval $(PROGRAM)_LIBS =))

 
 # Define useful programs (this makes it easy to swap in alternates)
 CP = cp
 
 # Define useful programs (this makes it easy to swap in alternates)
 CP = cp


@@ -49,7 +59,7 @@ TAR = tar
 .PHONY: all help clean dist run print- printvars
 
 # target: all - the default target
 .PHONY: all help clean dist run print- printvars
 
 # target: all - the default target

-all: $(PROGRAM)
+all: $(PROGRAMS)

 
 # target: help - display callable targets
 # Use `grep` to search this file for target comments
 
 # target: help - display callable targets
 # Use `grep` to search this file for target comments


@@ -58,7 +68,7 @@ help:
 
 # target: clean - remove automatically generated files
 clean:
 
 # target: clean - remove automatically generated files
 clean:

-       $(RM) -rf $(PROGRAM) *.o $(RELEASE)*
+       $(RM) -rf $(PROGRAMS) *.o $(RELEASE)*

 
 # target: dist - generate a tarball packaging the source
 # Here, we move the source into a temporary release directory, tar the
 
 # target: dist - generate a tarball packaging the source
 # Here, we move the source into a temporary release directory, tar the


@@ -71,18 +81,58 @@ dist:
 
 # target: hello_world - compile the hello_world program
 # Use GCC to link the program from object files.
 
 # target: hello_world - compile the hello_world program
 # Use GCC to link the program from object files.

-$(PROGRAM): $(OBJECTS)
-       $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LIBS)
+# For an explanation of the
+#   targets ...: target-pattern: prereq-patterns ...
+# syntax, see
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Static-Usage.html
+# For an explanation of $@, $^ and other special variables, see
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Variables.html
+# For an explanation of .SECONDEXPANSION, see
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Secondary-Expansion.html
+# `$$` escapes make-variable expansion for the first pass through the
+# recipe.  See
+#   http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Variables-in-Recipes.html
+#
+# What's going on here?  During the read-in phase, Make expands the
+# rule to
+#   hello_world goodbye_world: % : $($(@)_OBJECTS)
+# Because we're using .SECONDEXPANSION, Make expands the prerequisites
+# again during the target-update phase.  If we're building
+# hello_world, $(@) will expand to hello_world, and we'll have
+#   hello_world goodbye_world: hello_world : $(hello_world_OBJECTS)
+# as the variable expansion continues, we end up with
+#   hello_world goodbye_world: hello_world : hello_world.o
+# which is the final rule used to determine the prerequisites.
+#
+# The recipe expands to
+#   gcc  -o hello_world hello_world.o $(hello_world_LIBS)
+# which expands to (if hello_world_LIBS was set to `-lm`)
+#   gcc  -o hello_world hello_world.o -lm
+#
+# Striking the right balance between "everything handled
+# automatically" (i.e. "complicated") and "everything handled
+# manually" (i.e. tedious) is difficult, and maybe this rule crosses
+# the line.  The simpler alternative would be to define your own
+# prerequisites for each program you wish to compile, and you're
+# certainly allowed to go that route if you wish.
+.SECONDEXPANSION:
+$(C_PROGRAMS): % : $$($$(@)_OBJECTS)
+       $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $($(@)_LIBS)
+
+.SECONDEXPANSION:
+$(CXX_PROGRAMS): % : $$($$(*)_OBJECTS)
+       $(CXX) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $($(@)_LIBS)

 
 # target: run - use the program for its intended purpose
 
 # target: run - use the program for its intended purpose

-# Here we just execute PROGRAM, but you could also use something like
-#   run: $(PROGRAM) plot.gp
-#     ./$(PROGRAM) > data
+# Here we just execute RUN_PROGRAM, but you could also use something
+# like
+#   run: $(RUN_PROGRAM) plot.gp
+#     ./$(RUN_PROGRAM) > data

 #     gnuplot plot.gp
 # where plot.gp was a gnuplot script for plotting data generated by
 #     gnuplot plot.gp
 # where plot.gp was a gnuplot script for plotting data generated by

-# PROGRAM.
-run: $(PROGRAM)
-       ./$(PROGRAM)
+# RUN_PROGRAM.
+run: $(PROGRAMS)
+       ./$(RUN_PROGRAM)

 
 # Matching rule for compiling object files from C++ source
 # There is an implicit rule for this in GNU make
 
 # Matching rule for compiling object files from C++ source
 # There is an implicit rule for this in GNU make

diff --git a/goodbye_world.cpp b/goodbye_world.cpp
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f9ec77f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/goodbye_world.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+A simple "hello world" example in C++.
+
+Copyright (C) 2012  W. Trevor King
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main() {
+       cout << "goodbye, world\n";
+       return 0;
+}