* * * * *
-**Presented By : Sasha Wood**
+**Updated and presented by : Sasha Wood**
**This presentation originally developed by: Milad Fatenejad**
with a keyboard instead of controlling graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) with a mouse/keyboard combination.
+Use the GUI to open the tutorial on github. Single click on the "Firefox
+Web Browser". Type in the URL:
+ github.com/JHU-SWC-2012/SWC-bootcamp
+Click on the directory named `1-Shell`.
+
A *terminal* is a program you run that gives you access to the
shell. There are many different terminal programs that vary across
operating systems.
lot of the basic ones, work across the various shells but many things
are different. I recommend sticking with bash and learning it well.
-To open a terminal, just double click on the "Konsole" icon on the
+To open a terminal, just single click on the "Terminal" icon on the
Desktop.
# The Example: Manipulating Experimental Data Files
This will grab all of the data needed for this workshop from the
internet.
-**Cochlear Implants**
-
-A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically
-implanted in the inner ear to give deaf people a sense of
-hearing. More than a quarter of a million people have them, but there
-is still no widely-accepted benchmark to measure their effectiveness.
-In order to establish a baseline for such a benchmark, our supervisor
-got teenagers with CIs to listen to audio files on their computer and
-report:
-
-1. the quietest sound they could hear
-2. the lowest and highest tones they could hear
-3. the narrowest range of frequencies they could discriminate
-
-To participate, subjects attended our laboratory and one of our lab
-techs played an audio sample, and recorded their data - when they
-first heard the sound, or first heard a difference in the sound. Each
-set of test results were written out to a text file, one set per file.
-Each participant has a unique subject ID, and a made-up subject name.
-Each experiment has a unique experiment ID. The experiment has
-collected 351 files so far.
-
-The data is a bit of a mess! There are inconsistent file names, there
-are extraneous "NOTES" files that we'd like to get rid of, and the
-data is spread across many directories. We are going to use shell
-commands to get this data into shape. By the end we would like to:
-
-1. Put all of the data into one directory called "alldata"
-
-2. Have all of the data files in there, and ensure that every file
- has a ".txt" extension
-
-3. Get rid of the extraneous "NOTES" files
-
-If we can get through this example in the available time, we will move
-onto more advanced shell topics...
-
# Let's get started
One very basic command is `echo`. This command is just prints text to
echo Hello, World
Then press enter. You should see the text "Hello, World" printed back
-to you. The echo command is useful for
+to you. The echo command is useful for printing from a shell script,
+for displaying variables, and for generating known values to pass
+to other programs.
## Moving around the file system
to exit.
Programs that are run from the shell can get extremely complicated. To
-see an example, open up the manual page for the `mplayer` program,
-which is command line driven video player. There are about 300
-arguments to the mplayer command. No one can possibly learn all of
+see an example, open up the manual page for the `find` program,
+which we will use later this session. No one can possibly learn all of
these arguments, of course. So you will probably find yourself
referring back to the manual page frequently.
/home/swc` all do exactly the same thing. These shortcuts are not
necessary, they are provided for your convenience.
+**Our data set: Cochlear Implants**
+
+A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically
+implanted in the inner ear to give deaf people a sense of
+hearing. More than a quarter of a million people have them, but there
+is still no widely-accepted benchmark to measure their effectiveness.
+In order to establish a baseline for such a benchmark, our supervisor
+got teenagers with CIs to listen to audio files on their computer and
+report:
+
+1. the quietest sound they could hear
+2. the lowest and highest tones they could hear
+3. the narrowest range of frequencies they could discriminate
+
+To participate, subjects attended our laboratory and one of our lab
+techs played an audio sample, and recorded their data - when they
+first heard the sound, or first heard a difference in the sound. Each
+set of test results were written out to a text file, one set per file.
+Each participant has a unique subject ID, and a made-up subject name.
+Each experiment has a unique experiment ID. The experiment has
+collected 351 files so far.
+
+The data is a bit of a mess! There are inconsistent file names, there
+are extraneous "NOTES" files that we'd like to get rid of, and the
+data is spread across many directories. We are going to use shell
+commands to get this data into shape. By the end we would like to:
+
+1. Put all of the data into one directory called "alldata"
+
+2. Have all of the data files in there, and ensure that every file
+ has a ".txt" extension
+
+3. Get rid of the extraneous "NOTES" files
+
+If we can get through this example in the available time, we will move
+onto more advanced shell topics...
+
**Wild cards**
Navigate to the `~/SWC-bootcamp/Shell-1/data/THOMAS` directory. This
hit the tab key, the shell will try to fill in the rest of the
directory name. For example, enter:
- ls U<tab>
+ cd S<tab>
The shell will fill in the rest of the directory name for
`SWC-bootcamp`. Now enter:
- ls D<tab><tab>
+ ls 3<tab><tab>
When you hit the first tab, nothing happens. The reason is that there
are multiple directories in the home directory which start with
-D. Thus, the shell does not know which one to fill in. When you hit
+3. Thus, the shell does not know which one to fill in. When you hit
tab again, the shell will list the possible choices.
Tab completion can also fill in the names of programs. For example,
starts with an `e`. One of those is `echo`. If you enter `ec<tab>` you
will see that tab completion works.
+** Command History**
+
+You can easily access previous commands. Hit the up arrow.
+Hit it again. You can step backwards through your command history.
+The down arrow takes your forwards in the command history.
+
+^-C will cancel the command you are writing, and give you a fresh prompt.
+
+^-R will do a reverse-search through your command history. This
+is very useful.
+
## Which program? ##
Commands like `ls`, `rm`, `echo`, and `cd` are just ordinary programs
Will return "/bin/ls". Thus, we can see that `ls` is a program that
sits inside of the `/bin` directory. Now enter:
- which mplayer
+ which find
-You will see that `mplayer` is a program that sits inside of the
+You will see that `find` is a program that sits inside of the
`/usr/bin` directory.
So ... when we enter a program name, like `ls`, and hit enter, how
* * * *
**Short Exercises**
-1. Print out the contents of the `/usr/share/dict/american-english`
+1. Print out the contents of the `~/SWC-bootcamp/1-Shell/dictionary.txt`
file. What does this file contain?
2. Without changing directories, (you should still be in `1-Shell`),
be annoying to use. The program, `less`, is useful for this
case. Enter the following command:
- less /usr/share/dict/american-english
+ less ~/SWC-bootcamp/1-Shell/dictionary.txt
`less` opens the file, and lets you navigate through it. The commands
are identical to the `man` program. Use "space" to go forward and hit
`less` also gives you a way of searching through files. Just hit the
"/" key to begin a search. Enter the name of the word you would like
to search for and hit enter. It will jump to the next location where
-that word is found. Try searching the `american-english` file for the
-word "copper". If you hit "/" then "enter", `less` will just repeat
+that word is found. Try searching the `dictionary.txt` file for the
+word "cat". If you hit "/" then "enter", `less` will just repeat
the previous search. `less` searches from the current location and
works its way forward. If you are at the end of the file and search
-for the word "copper", `less` will not find it. You need to go to the
+for the word "cat", `less` will not find it. You need to go to the
beginning of the file and search.
Remember, the `man` program uses the same commands, so you can search
* * * *
**Short Exercise**
-Use the commands we've learned so far to figure out what the `-fs`
-argument for the program `mplayer` does. `mplayer` video playing program.
+Use the commands we've learned so far to figure out how to search
+in reverse while using `less`.
* * * *
Do the following:
-1. Create a directory in the `data` directory called `foo`
-2. Then, copy the `all_data` file into `foo`
+1. Rename the `all_data_IMPORTANT` file to `all_data`.
+2. Create a directory in the `data` directory called `foo`
+3. Then, copy the `all_data` file into `foo`
* * * *
characters in one or more files. Make sure you are in the `data`
directory, then enter the following command:
- wc Bert/* gerdal/Data0559
+ wc Bert/* gerdal/*4*
For each of the files indicated, `wc` has printed a line with three
numbers. The first is the number of lines in that file. The second is
the number of words. Finally, the total number of characters is
indicated. The final line contains this information summed over all of
-the files. Thus, there were 7062 characters in total.
+the files. Thus, there were 10445 characters in total.
-Remember that the `Bert/*` and `gerdal/Data0559` files were merged
+Remember that the `Bert/*` and `gerdal/*4*` files were merged
into the `all_data` file. So, we should see that `all_data` contains
the same number of characters:
wc all_data
Every character in the file takes up one byte of disk space. Thus, the
-size of the file in bytes should also be 7062. Let's confirm this:
+size of the file in bytes should also be 10445. Let's confirm this:
ls -l all_data
## The awesome power of the Pipe
Suppose I wanted to only see the total number of character, words, and
-lines across the files `Bert/*` and `gerdal/Data0559`. I don't want to
+lines across the files `Bert/*` and `gerdal/*4*`. I don't want to
see the individual counts, just the total. Of course, I could just do:
wc all_data
Let's turn back to the problem of printing only the total number of
lines in a set of files without creating any temporary files. To do
this, we want to tell the shell to take the output of the `wc Bert/*
-gerdal/Data0559` and send it into the `tail -n 1` command. The `|`
+gerdal/*4*` and send it into the `tail -n 1` command. The `|`
character (called pipe) is used for this purpose. Enter the following
command:
Notice that your cursor just sits there blinking. Tail is waiting for
data to come in. Now type:
- French fries
+ French
+ fries
are
good
Let's navigate back to `~/SWC-bootcamp/1-Shell/data`. You should still
have the `all_data` file hanging around here. Enter the following command:
- wc Bert/* | sort -n -k 3
+ wc Bert/* | sort -k 3 -n
We are already familiar with what the first of these two commands
does: it creates a list containing the number of characters, words,
piped into the `sort` command, so that it can be sorted. Notice there
are two options given to sort:
-1. `-n`: Sort in numerical order as opposed to alphabetical order
-2. `-k 3`: Sort based on the numbers in the third column
+1. `-k 3`: Sort based on the third column
+2. `-n`: Sort in numerical order as opposed to alphabetical order
Notice that the files are sorted by the number of characters.
Hint: To print the smallest file, use:
- wc Bert/* | sort -n -k 3 | head -n 1
+ wc Bert/* | sort -k 3 -n | head -n 1
* * * *
Then enter the following text:
#!/bin/bash
- wc * | sort -n -k 3 | head -n 1
+ wc * | sort -k 3 -n | head -n 1
Now, `cd` into the `Bert` directory and enter the command
`../smallest`. Notice that it says permission denied. This happens
criteria. Navigate to the `data` directory and enter the following
command:
- find .
+ find . -print
This prints the name of every file or directory, recursively, starting
from the current directory. Let's exclude all of the directories:
- find . -type f
+ find . -type f -print
This tells `find` to locate only files. Now try these commands:
find . -type f -name "*1*"
- find . -type f -name "*1*" -or -name "*2*"
- find . -type f -name "*1*" -and -name "*2*"
+ find . -type f -name "*1*" -or -name "*2*" -print
+ find . -type f -name "*1*" -and -name "*2*" -print
The `find` command can acquire a list of files and perform some
operation on each file. Try this command out:
This command finds every file starting from `.`. Then it searches each
file for a line which contains the word "Volume". The `{}` refers to
the name of each file. The trailing `\;` is used to terminate the
-command.
+command. This command is slow, because it is calling a new instance
+of `grep` for each item the `find` returns.
+
+A faster way to do this is to use the `xargs` command:
+
+ find . -type f -print | xargs grep Volume
+
+`find` generates a list of all the files we are interested in,
+then we pipe them to `xargs`. `xargs` takes the items given to it
+and passes them as arguments to `grep`. `xargs` generally only creates
+a single instance of `grep` (or whatever program it is running).
* * * *
**Short Exercise**
projects / swc-modular-shell.git / commitdiff