cli: use designated initializers for opt desc

cli: use designated initializers for opt desc

Several changes at once, just to not have to change the same lines
several times over:

- Use designated initializers to initialize opt desc arrays.

- Only initialize the needed fields.

- Remove arg_id (short options) as unused.

- Replace opt_type and output_var with several type safe output
  variables, where the output variable being non-NULL determines the
  type. Introduce checks to ensure only one is set. The downside is
  some waste of const space per argument; this could be saved by
  retaining opt_type and using a union, but that's still pretty
  verbose.

- Fix some variables due to the type safety. Mostly a good thing, but
  leads to some enums being changed to ints. This is pedantically
  correct, but somewhat annoying. We could also cast, but that defeats
  the purpose a bit.

- Terminate the opt desc arrays using {}.

The output variable type safety and the ability to add new fields for
just some output types or arguments are the big wins. For example, if
we wanted to add a variable to set when the argument is present, we
could do so for just the arguments that need it.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but I think this looks nice when
defining the arguments, and reduces some of the verbosity we have
there.