README: Use pull and add --allow-unrelated-histories

Using pull gets us down to a single command, leaves no local remote,
and results in a more-descriptive commit message:

  Merge branch 'signed-off-by' of git://tremily.us/signed-off-by

vs. the old:

  Merge branch 'signed-off-by' of s-o-b

--allow-unrelated-histories is required for this sort of thing since
e379fdf3 (merge: refuse to create too cool a merge by default,
2016-03-18, v2.9.0 [1]) and 09c2cb87 (pull: pass
--allow-unrelated-histories to "git merge", 2016-03-18, v2.9.0 [2]).

[1]: https://github.com/git/git/commit/e379fdf34fee96cd205be83ff4e71699bdc32b18
[2]: https://github.com/git/git/commit/09c2cb877a9cc0f6f25eac8d43663f4e8f3309a4

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Merge branch 'signed-off-by' into HEAD

* signed-off-by:
  developer-certificate-of-origin: Update LF address

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Merge branch 'dco' into signed-off-by

* dco:
  developer-certificate-of-origin: Update LF address

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: Fix "CC0-1.0.1" -> "CC0-1.0" typo

Fixing a typo from 327fdb77 (README: document repository branches
(roles and contents), 2012-11-26).

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

developer-certificate-of-origin: Update LF address

By pulling a fresh copy.  Also, developercertificate.org now support
TLS :)

  $ wget -S -O developer-certificate-of-origin https://developercertificate.org/
  --2017-10-11 11:03:49--  https://developercertificate.org/
  Resolving developercertificate.org... 140.211.169.4
  Connecting to developercertificate.org|140.211.169.4|:443... connected.
  HTTP request sent, awaiting response...
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Server: nginx
    Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2017 18:01:49 GMT
    Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
    Content-Length: 1732
    Connection: keep-alive
    Vary: Accept-Encoding
    Last-Modified: Thu, 30 Jun 2016 17:31:34 GMT
    ETag: "5c2e43-6c4-536823dd5ef81"
    Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=16070400
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
  Length: 1732 (1.7K) [text/html]
  Saving to: ‘developer-certificate-of-origin’
  ...

After which I stripped out the HTML, leaving just the DCO text.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: Fix 'incorperate' and 'Includes' typos

Found with aspell.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: Document the new developer-certificate-of-origin file

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Merge branch 'signed-off-by'

* signed-off-by:
  Documentation/SubmittingPatches: Reference external DCO
  Documentation/developer-certificate-of-origin: Move the DCO into place
  developer-certificate-of-origin: Add v1.1 from the Linux Foundation

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Documentation/SubmittingPatches: Reference external DCO

The new developer-certificate-of-origin text is copied directly from
developercertificate.org [1] into a stand-alone file to avoid
confusion with the separately-licensed supporting text in
SubmittingPatches (following the example of stand-alone license files
like COPYING).  SubmittingPatches now references that file when
explaining the significance of Signed-off-by tags.

My changes to SubmittingPatches are licensed under both the Creative
Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license (see the `license` branch for full
text) and the GPLv2-linux (see the `copying` branch for full text), as
are my previous contributions to SubmittingPatches.  Pick whichever
one works best for you.

[1]: http://developercertificate.org/

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Documentation/developer-certificate-of-origin: Move the DCO into place

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Merge branch 'dco' into signed-off-by

* dco:
  developer-certificate-of-origin: Add v1.1 from the Linux Foundation

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

developer-certificate-of-origin: Add v1.1 from the Linux Foundation

Luis R. Rodriguez [1] has been trying to get information about the
licensing of the Linux kernel's DCO [2] for a while now [3,4], and it
looks like the Linux Foundation just made their view explicit [5,6,7].
This clarifies the copyright and licensing of Linus' two patches:

* 857a183 Update DCO ("signoff") rules to 1.1
* 991bd2e Start documenting the sign-off procedure in SubmittingPatches

From the whois information, developercertificate.org is pretty recent:

  $ whois developercertificate.org
  Domain Name: DEVELOPERCERTIFICATE.ORG
  Domain ID: D170689185-LROR
  Creation Date: 2014-01-15T02:54:55Z
  Updated Date: 2014-01-17T22:11:12Z
  ...
  Name Server: NS2.LINUX-FOUNDATION.ORG
  Name Server: NS1.LINUX-FOUNDATION.ORG

Now that this has an upstream source and it's own license (verbatim
copies only), I'm putting this file in its own branch.  Downloaded
just now:

  $ wget -S -O developer-certificate-of-origin http://developercertificate.org/
  --2014-01-24 15:46:21--  http://developercertificate.org/
  Resolving developercertificate.org... 140.211.169.4
  Connecting to developercertificate.org|140.211.169.4|:80... connected.
  HTTP request sent, awaiting response...
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Server: nginx
    Date: Fri, 24 Jan 2014 23:46:58 GMT
    Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
    Connection: keep-alive
    Last-Modified: Fri, 17 Jan 2014 23:02:25 GMT
    ETag: "5c188d-6c5-4f0328910e8f0"
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
    Content-Length: 1733
  Length: 1733 (1.7K) [text/html]
  Saving to: ‘developer-certificate-of-origin’

  2014-01-24 15:46:21 (112 MB/s) - ‘developer-certificate-of-origin’ saved [1733/1733]

After which I stripped out the HTML, leaving just the DCO text.

[1]: http://www.do-not-panic.com/
[2]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
[3]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1397613
[4]: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1492612
[5]: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.wireless.general/118696
[6]: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1635433
[7]: http://developercertificate.org/

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: suggest fetching the remote before merging a branch

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: document the contributing-github branch

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: explicitly show how to fetch note references

Tweaking fetch references may not be a particularly common activity.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: document borrowed commits and original-repo notes

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: document repository branches (roles and contents)

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Documentation/SubmittingPatches: merge branch 'signed-off-by'

Take my own medicine and merge the signed-off-by branch into the
master.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

COPYING: merge GPLv2= from the 'copying' branch

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

README: add sales pitch and usage instructions

To avoid licensing issues with this README file itself, I'm releasing
it under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal license (see the
`license` branch for full text).

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Update COPYING with GPLv2 with new FSF address

The mailing address of FSF changed quite a while ago.  Also the expansion
of the acronym LGPL (which we don't use) is "Lesser GPL" not "Library GPL"
these days in recent copies of GPLv2.  Update the copy we have with a
fresh download of <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt>.

This incidentally removes form-feeds in the text we retained for all these
years.

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

Add a COPYING notice, making it explicit that the license is GPLv2.

Let's bite the v3 bullet when it comes, although if people want to,
they can just state "or later at discretion of Linus" in their copyright
messages.

SubmittingPatches: adjust content to be project-agnostic

Remove kernel-specific stuff (e.g. maintainers, emailed-patches) and
consolidate things that were treated differently in the kernel and git
versions (e.g. pseudonyms).

The slight-modification paragraph is mostly unchanged.  I just removed
the branch/subsystem maintainer leader and re-wrapped the paragraph.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

SubmittingPatches: replace tabs with spaces and normalize DCO indent

I replaced each tab with two spaces.  No need for excessive 8-space
indents.

Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

remove doubled words, e.g., s/to to/to/, and fix related typos

I found that some doubled words had snuck back into projects from which
I'd already removed them, so now there's a "syntax-check" makefile rule in
gnulib to help prevent recurrence.

Running the command below spotted a few in git, too:

  git ls-files | xargs perl -0777 -n \
    -e 'while (/\b(then?|[iao]n|i[fst]|but|f?or|at|and|[dt])\s+\1\b/gims)' \
    -e '{$n=($` =~ tr/\n/\n/ + 1); ($v=$&)=~s/\n/\\n/g;' \
    -e 'print "$ARGV:$n:$v\n"}'

Signed-off-by: Jim Meyering <meyering@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
[wking@tremily.us: only apply SubmittingPatches portion of the
original patch since I'm pulling out only the D-C-O portion of
SubmittingPatches]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

SubmittingPatches: Document some extra tags used in commit messages

Document the meanings of the tags "Reported-by:", "Acked-by:",
"Reviewed-by:" and "Tested-by:" clearly. Also mention that the user is
free to use any custom tags.

Helped-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com>
Liked-by: Sverre Rabbelier <srabbelier@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ramkumar Ramachandra <artagnon@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
[wking@tremily.us: removed diff context to merge with Linux kernel
version]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

SubmittingPatches: mention the usage of real name in Signed-off-by: lines

Especially with something that is supposed to hopefully have some legal
value down the line if somebody starts making noises, it really would be
nice to have a real person to associate things with. Suggest this in the
SubmittingPatches document.

Signed-off-by: Miklos Vajna <vmiklos@frugalware.org>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

Documentation/SubmittingPatches: What's Acked-by and Tested-by?

We used to talk about "internal company procedures", but this
document is about submitting patches to the git mailing list.

More useful information is when to say Acked-by: and Tested-by:.

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
[wking@tremily.us: removed diff context to merge with Linux kernel
version]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Teach SubmittingPatches about git-commit -s

As discussed on git mailing list let's teach the reader about
the possiblity to have automatically signed off the commit running
the git-commit -s command

Signed-off-by: Paolo Ciarrocchi <paolo.ciarrocchi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
[wking@tremily.us: removed diff context to merge with Linux kernel
version]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

Documentation: fix spelling error in SubmittingPatches

Fixed a spelling error.

Signed-off-by: Zac Storer <zac.3.14159@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

doc: add suggestions about good practises for maintainers

Suggest how to deal with patch modifications caused by
merging or back-porting when you're a maintainer.

Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
[wking@tremily.us: removed diff context since I'm pulling out only the
D-C-O portion of SubmittingPatches]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>

We can not allow anonymous contributions to the kernel

The DCO does not mean anything if we allow anonymous contributors to the
kernel.  As this is an open source project, we need to do everything in the
open.

Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

DCO: use IANA-reserved second level domain name

Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Update DCO ("signoff") rules to 1.1

This adds a clause that notes explicitly that the person doing the
sign-off knows that the project (and his sign-off) is public and will
possibly get archived and re-distributed.

Start documenting the sign-off procedure in SubmittingPatches

We already have over 200 sign-off lines in the kernel, so
let's document the thing, even if discussion may still be
on-going.

[wking@tremily.us: removed diff context since I'm pulling out only the
D-C-O portion of SubmittingPatches]
Signed-off-by: W. Trevor King <wking@tremily.us>