% \hspace{.25in}%
\subfloat[][]{\includegraphics[width=2in]{figures/schematic/dill97-fig4}%
\label{fig:folding:landscape}}
- \caption{(a) A ``double T'' example of the pathway model of protein
- folding, in which the protein proceeds from the native state $N$
- to the unfolded state $U$ via a series of metastable transition
- states $I_1$ and $I_2$ with two ``dead end'' states $I_1^X$ and
- $I_2^X$. Adapted from \citet{bedard08}. (b) The landscape model
- of protein folding, in which the protein diffuses through a
- multi-dimensional free energy landscape. Separate folding
- attempts may take many distinct routes through this landscape on
- the way to the folded state. Reproduced from \citet{dill97}.
+ \caption{\subref{fig:folding:pathway} A ``double T'' example of the
+ pathway model of protein folding, in which the protein proceeds
+ from the native state $N$ to the unfolded state $U$ via a series
+ of metastable transition states $I_1$ and $I_2$ with two ``dead
+ end'' states $I_1^X$ and $I_2^X$. Adapted from \citet{bedard08}.
+ \subref{fig:folding:landscape} The landscape model of protein
+ folding, in which the protein diffuses through a multi-dimensional
+ free energy landscape. Separate folding attempts may take many
+ distinct routes through this landscape on the way to the folded
+ state. Reproduced from \citet{dill97}.
\label{fig:folding}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
optical measurements, \ie, single molecule fluorescence microscopy and
spectroscopy, and mechanical manipulations of individual
macromolecules, \ie, force microscopy and spectroscopy using atomic
-force microscopes (AFMs), laser tweezers\citep{forde02}, magnetic
-tweezers\citep{smith92}, biomembrane force probes\citep{merkel99}, and
-centrifugal microscopes\citep{halvorsen09}. These techniques cover a
-wide range of approaches, and even when the basic approach is the same
+force microscopes (AFMs), laser tweezers\citep{kellermayer97,forde02},
+magnetic tweezers\citep{smith92}, biomembrane force
+probes\citep{merkel99}, and centrifugal
+microscopes\citep{halvorsen09}. These techniques cover a wide range
+of approaches, and even when the basic approach is the same
(e.g.\ force microscopy), the different techniques span orders of
magnitude in the range of their controllable parameters.
\nomenclature{AFM}{Atomic Force Microscope (or Microscopy)}