Unmodified 0.6.4 version of irclib.py.
authorEric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
Sun, 26 Aug 2012 10:36:38 +0000 (06:36 -0400)
committerEric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
Sun, 26 Aug 2012 10:36:38 +0000 (06:36 -0400)
irclib.py [new file with mode: 0644]

diff --git a/irclib.py b/irclib.py
new file mode 100644 (file)
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+++ b/irclib.py
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+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright (C) 1999-2002  Joel Rosdahl
+# Portions Copyright © 2011 Jason R. Coombs
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
+#
+# keltus <keltus@users.sourceforge.net>
+
+"""
+irclib -- Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol client library.
+
+This library is intended to encapsulate the IRC protocol at a quite
+low level.  It provides an event-driven IRC client framework.  It has
+a fairly thorough support for the basic IRC protocol, CTCP, DCC chat,
+but DCC file transfers is not yet supported.
+
+In order to understand how to make an IRC client, I'm afraid you more
+or less must understand the IRC specifications.  They are available
+here: [IRC specifications].
+
+The main features of the IRC client framework are:
+
+  * Abstraction of the IRC protocol.
+  * Handles multiple simultaneous IRC server connections.
+  * Handles server PONGing transparently.
+  * Messages to the IRC server are done by calling methods on an IRC
+    connection object.
+  * Messages from an IRC server triggers events, which can be caught
+    by event handlers.
+  * Reading from and writing to IRC server sockets are normally done
+    by an internal select() loop, but the select()ing may be done by
+    an external main loop.
+  * Functions can be registered to execute at specified times by the
+    event-loop.
+  * Decodes CTCP tagging correctly (hopefully); I haven't seen any
+    other IRC client implementation that handles the CTCP
+    specification subtilties.
+  * A kind of simple, single-server, object-oriented IRC client class
+    that dispatches events to instance methods is included.
+
+Current limitations:
+
+  * The IRC protocol shines through the abstraction a bit too much.
+  * Data is not written asynchronously to the server, i.e. the write()
+    may block if the TCP buffers are stuffed.
+  * There are no support for DCC file transfers.
+  * The author haven't even read RFC 2810, 2811, 2812 and 2813.
+  * Like most projects, documentation is lacking...
+
+.. [IRC specifications] http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/rfc/
+"""
+
+import bisect
+import re
+import select
+import socket
+import string
+import time
+import types
+import ssl as ssl_mod
+import datetime
+
+try:
+    import pkg_resources
+    _pkg = pkg_resources.require('python-irclib')[0]
+    VERSION = tuple(int(res) for res in re.findall('\d+', _pkg.version))
+except Exception:
+    VERSION = ()
+
+DEBUG = False
+
+# TODO
+# ----
+# (maybe) thread safety
+# (maybe) color parser convenience functions
+# documentation (including all event types)
+# (maybe) add awareness of different types of ircds
+# send data asynchronously to the server (and DCC connections)
+# (maybe) automatically close unused, passive DCC connections after a while
+
+# NOTES
+# -----
+# connection.quit() only sends QUIT to the server.
+# ERROR from the server triggers the error event and the disconnect event.
+# dropping of the connection triggers the disconnect event.
+
+class IRCError(Exception):
+    """Represents an IRC exception."""
+    pass
+
+
+class IRC(object):
+    """Class that handles one or several IRC server connections.
+
+    When an IRC object has been instantiated, it can be used to create
+    Connection objects that represent the IRC connections.  The
+    responsibility of the IRC object is to provide an event-driven
+    framework for the connections and to keep the connections alive.
+    It runs a select loop to poll each connection's TCP socket and
+    hands over the sockets with incoming data for processing by the
+    corresponding connection.
+
+    The methods of most interest for an IRC client writer are server,
+    add_global_handler, remove_global_handler, execute_at,
+    execute_delayed, process_once and process_forever.
+
+    Here is an example:
+
+        irc = irclib.IRC()
+        server = irc.server()
+        server.connect("irc.some.where", 6667, "my_nickname")
+        server.privmsg("a_nickname", "Hi there!")
+        irc.process_forever()
+
+    This will connect to the IRC server irc.some.where on port 6667
+    using the nickname my_nickname and send the message "Hi there!"
+    to the nickname a_nickname.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fn_to_add_socket=None,
+                 fn_to_remove_socket=None,
+                 fn_to_add_timeout=None):
+        """Constructor for IRC objects.
+
+        Optional arguments are fn_to_add_socket, fn_to_remove_socket
+        and fn_to_add_timeout.  The first two specify functions that
+        will be called with a socket object as argument when the IRC
+        object wants to be notified (or stop being notified) of data
+        coming on a new socket.  When new data arrives, the method
+        process_data should be called.  Similarly, fn_to_add_timeout
+        is called with a number of seconds (a floating point number)
+        as first argument when the IRC object wants to receive a
+        notification (by calling the process_timeout method).  So, if
+        e.g. the argument is 42.17, the object wants the
+        process_timeout method to be called after 42 seconds and 170
+        milliseconds.
+
+        The three arguments mainly exist to be able to use an external
+        main loop (for example Tkinter's or PyGTK's main app loop)
+        instead of calling the process_forever method.
+
+        An alternative is to just call ServerConnection.process_once()
+        once in a while.
+        """
+
+        if fn_to_add_socket and fn_to_remove_socket:
+            self.fn_to_add_socket = fn_to_add_socket
+            self.fn_to_remove_socket = fn_to_remove_socket
+        else:
+            self.fn_to_add_socket = None
+            self.fn_to_remove_socket = None
+
+        self.fn_to_add_timeout = fn_to_add_timeout
+        self.connections = []
+        self.handlers = {}
+        self.delayed_commands = []  # list of DelayedCommands
+
+        self.add_global_handler("ping", _ping_ponger, -42)
+
+    def server(self):
+        """Creates and returns a ServerConnection object."""
+
+        c = ServerConnection(self)
+        self.connections.append(c)
+        return c
+
+    def process_data(self, sockets):
+        """Called when there is more data to read on connection sockets.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            sockets -- A list of socket objects.
+
+        See documentation for IRC.__init__.
+        """
+        for s in sockets:
+            for c in self.connections:
+                if s == c._get_socket():
+                    c.process_data()
+
+    def process_timeout(self):
+        """Called when a timeout notification is due.
+
+        See documentation for IRC.__init__.
+        """
+        while self.delayed_commands:
+            command = self.delayed_commands[0]
+            if not command.due():
+                break
+            command.function(*command.arguments)
+            if isinstance(command, PeriodicCommand):
+                self._schedule_command(command.next())
+            del self.delayed_commands[0]
+
+    def process_once(self, timeout=0):
+        """Process data from connections once.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            timeout -- How long the select() call should wait if no
+                       data is available.
+
+        This method should be called periodically to check and process
+        incoming data, if there are any.  If that seems boring, look
+        at the process_forever method.
+        """
+        sockets = map(lambda x: x._get_socket(), self.connections)
+        sockets = filter(lambda x: x != None, sockets)
+        if sockets:
+            (i, o, e) = select.select(sockets, [], [], timeout)
+            self.process_data(i)
+        else:
+            time.sleep(timeout)
+        self.process_timeout()
+
+    def process_forever(self, timeout=0.2):
+        """Run an infinite loop, processing data from connections.
+
+        This method repeatedly calls process_once.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            timeout -- Parameter to pass to process_once.
+        """
+        while 1:
+            self.process_once(timeout)
+
+    def disconnect_all(self, message=""):
+        """Disconnects all connections."""
+        for c in self.connections:
+            c.disconnect(message)
+
+    def add_global_handler(self, event, handler, priority=0):
+        """Adds a global handler function for a specific event type.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            event -- Event type (a string).  Check the values of the
+            numeric_events dictionary in irclib.py for possible event
+            types.
+
+            handler -- Callback function.
+
+            priority -- A number (the lower number, the higher priority).
+
+        The handler function is called whenever the specified event is
+        triggered in any of the connections.  See documentation for
+        the Event class.
+
+        The handler functions are called in priority order (lowest
+        number is highest priority).  If a handler function returns
+        "NO MORE", no more handlers will be called.
+        """
+        if not event in self.handlers:
+            self.handlers[event] = []
+        bisect.insort(self.handlers[event], ((priority, handler)))
+
+    def remove_global_handler(self, event, handler):
+        """Removes a global handler function.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            event -- Event type (a string).
+            handler -- Callback function.
+
+        Returns 1 on success, otherwise 0.
+        """
+        if not event in self.handlers:
+            return 0
+        for h in self.handlers[event]:
+            if handler == h[1]:
+                self.handlers[event].remove(h)
+        return 1
+
+    def execute_at(self, at, function, arguments=()):
+        """Execute a function at a specified time.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            at -- Execute at this time (standard "time_t" time).
+            function -- Function to call.
+            arguments -- Arguments to give the function.
+        """
+        command = DelayedCommand.at_time(at, function, arguments)
+        self._schedule_command(command)
+
+    def execute_delayed(self, delay, function, arguments=()):
+        """
+        Execute a function after a specified time.
+
+        delay -- How many seconds to wait.
+        function -- Function to call.
+        arguments -- Arguments to give the function.
+        """
+        command = DelayedCommand(delay, function, arguments)
+        self._schedule_command(command)
+
+    def execute_every(self, period, function, arguments=()):
+        """
+        Execute a function every 'period' seconds.
+
+        period -- How often to run (always waits this long for first).
+        function -- Function to call.
+        arguments -- Arguments to give the function.
+        """
+        command = PeriodicCommand(period, function, arguments)
+        self._schedule_command(command)
+
+    def _schedule_command(self, command):
+        bisect.insort(self.delayed_commands, command)
+        if self.fn_to_add_timeout:
+            self.fn_to_add_timeout(total_seconds(command.delay))
+
+    def dcc(self, dcctype="chat"):
+        """Creates and returns a DCCConnection object.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            dcctype -- "chat" for DCC CHAT connections or "raw" for
+                       DCC SEND (or other DCC types). If "chat",
+                       incoming data will be split in newline-separated
+                       chunks. If "raw", incoming data is not touched.
+        """
+        c = DCCConnection(self, dcctype)
+        self.connections.append(c)
+        return c
+
+    def _handle_event(self, connection, event):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        h = self.handlers
+        th = sorted(h.get("all_events", []) + h.get(event.eventtype(), []))
+        for handler in th:
+            if handler[1](connection, event) == "NO MORE":
+                return
+
+    def _remove_connection(self, connection):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        self.connections.remove(connection)
+        if self.fn_to_remove_socket:
+            self.fn_to_remove_socket(connection._get_socket())
+
+class DelayedCommand(datetime.datetime):
+    """
+    A command to be executed after some delay (seconds or timedelta).
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, delay, function, arguments):
+        if not isinstance(delay, datetime.timedelta):
+            delay = datetime.timedelta(seconds=delay)
+        at = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + delay
+        cmd = datetime.datetime.__new__(DelayedCommand, at.year,
+            at.month, at.day, at.hour, at.minute, at.second,
+            at.microsecond, at.tzinfo)
+        cmd.delay = delay
+        cmd.function = function
+        cmd.arguments = arguments
+        return cmd
+
+    def at_time(cls, at, function, arguments):
+        """
+        Construct a DelayedCommand to come due at `at`, where `at` may be
+        a datetime or timestamp.
+        """
+        if isinstance(at, int):
+            at = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(at)
+        delay = at - datetime.datetime.utcnow()
+        return cls(delay, function, arguments)
+    at_time = classmethod(at_time)
+
+    def due(self):
+        return datetime.datetime.utcnow() >= self
+
+class PeriodicCommand(DelayedCommand):
+    """
+    Like a deferred command, but expect this command to run every delay
+    seconds.
+    """
+    def next(self):
+        return PeriodicCommand(self.delay, self.function,
+            self.arguments)
+
+_rfc_1459_command_regexp = re.compile("^(:(?P<prefix>[^ ]+) +)?(?P<command>[^ ]+)( *(?P<argument> .+))?")
+
+class Connection(object):
+    """Base class for IRC connections.
+
+    Must be overridden.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, irclibobj):
+        self.irclibobj = irclibobj
+
+    def _get_socket():
+        raise IRCError("Not overridden")
+
+    ##############################
+    ### Convenience wrappers.
+
+    def execute_at(self, at, function, arguments=()):
+        self.irclibobj.execute_at(at, function, arguments)
+
+    def execute_delayed(self, delay, function, arguments=()):
+        self.irclibobj.execute_delayed(delay, function, arguments)
+
+    def execute_every(self, period, function, arguments=()):
+        self.irclibobj.execute_every(period, function, arguments)
+
+class ServerConnectionError(IRCError):
+    pass
+
+class ServerNotConnectedError(ServerConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+# Huh!?  Crrrrazy EFNet doesn't follow the RFC: their ircd seems to
+# use \n as message separator!  :P
+_linesep_regexp = re.compile("\r?\n")
+
+class ServerConnection(Connection):
+    """This class represents an IRC server connection.
+
+    ServerConnection objects are instantiated by calling the server
+    method on an IRC object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, irclibobj):
+        super(ServerConnection, self).__init__(irclibobj)
+        self.connected = 0  # Not connected yet.
+        self.socket = None
+        self.ssl = None
+
+    def connect(self, server, port, nickname, password=None, username=None,
+                ircname=None, localaddress="", localport=0, ssl=False, ipv6=False):
+        """Connect/reconnect to a server.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            server -- Server name.
+
+            port -- Port number.
+
+            nickname -- The nickname.
+
+            password -- Password (if any).
+
+            username -- The username.
+
+            ircname -- The IRC name ("realname").
+
+            localaddress -- Bind the connection to a specific local IP address.
+
+            localport -- Bind the connection to a specific local port.
+
+            ssl -- Enable support for ssl.
+
+            ipv6 -- Enable support for ipv6.
+
+        This function can be called to reconnect a closed connection.
+
+        Returns the ServerConnection object.
+        """
+        if self.connected:
+            self.disconnect("Changing servers")
+
+        self.previous_buffer = ""
+        self.handlers = {}
+        self.real_server_name = ""
+        self.real_nickname = nickname
+        self.server = server
+        self.port = port
+        self.nickname = nickname
+        self.username = username or nickname
+        self.ircname = ircname or nickname
+        self.password = password
+        self.localaddress = localaddress
+        self.localport = localport
+        self.localhost = socket.gethostname()
+        if ipv6:
+            self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        else:
+            self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        try:
+            self.socket.bind((self.localaddress, self.localport))
+            self.socket.connect((self.server, self.port))
+            if ssl:
+                self.ssl = ssl_mod.wrap_socket(self.socket)
+        except socket.error, x:
+            self.socket.close()
+            self.socket = None
+            raise ServerConnectionError("Couldn't connect to socket: %s" % x)
+        self.connected = 1
+        if self.irclibobj.fn_to_add_socket:
+            self.irclibobj.fn_to_add_socket(self.socket)
+
+        # Log on...
+        if self.password:
+            self.pass_(self.password)
+        self.nick(self.nickname)
+        self.user(self.username, self.ircname)
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the connection.
+
+        This method closes the connection permanently; after it has
+        been called, the object is unusable.
+        """
+
+        self.disconnect("Closing object")
+        self.irclibobj._remove_connection(self)
+
+    def _get_socket(self):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        return self.socket
+
+    def get_server_name(self):
+        """Get the (real) server name.
+
+        This method returns the (real) server name, or, more
+        specifically, what the server calls itself.
+        """
+
+        if self.real_server_name:
+            return self.real_server_name
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def get_nickname(self):
+        """Get the (real) nick name.
+
+        This method returns the (real) nickname.  The library keeps
+        track of nick changes, so it might not be the nick name that
+        was passed to the connect() method.  """
+
+        return self.real_nickname
+
+    def process_data(self):
+        """[Internal]"""
+
+        try:
+            if self.ssl:
+                new_data = self.ssl.read(2 ** 14)
+            else:
+                new_data = self.socket.recv(2 ** 14)
+        except socket.error:
+            # The server hung up.
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer")
+            return
+        if not new_data:
+            # Read nothing: connection must be down.
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer")
+            return
+
+        lines = _linesep_regexp.split(self.previous_buffer + new_data)
+
+        # Save the last, unfinished line.
+        self.previous_buffer = lines.pop()
+
+        for line in lines:
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "FROM SERVER:", line
+
+            if not line:
+                continue
+
+            prefix = None
+            command = None
+            arguments = None
+            self._handle_event(Event("all_raw_messages",
+                                     self.get_server_name(),
+                                     None,
+                                     [line]))
+
+            m = _rfc_1459_command_regexp.match(line)
+            if m.group("prefix"):
+                prefix = m.group("prefix")
+                if not self.real_server_name:
+                    self.real_server_name = prefix
+
+            if m.group("command"):
+                command = m.group("command").lower()
+
+            if m.group("argument"):
+                a = m.group("argument").split(" :", 1)
+                arguments = a[0].split()
+                if len(a) == 2:
+                    arguments.append(a[1])
+
+            # Translate numerics into more readable strings.
+            if command in numeric_events:
+                command = numeric_events[command]
+
+            if command == "nick":
+                if nm_to_n(prefix) == self.real_nickname:
+                    self.real_nickname = arguments[0]
+            elif command == "welcome":
+                # Record the nickname in case the client changed nick
+                # in a nicknameinuse callback.
+                self.real_nickname = arguments[0]
+
+            if command in ["privmsg", "notice"]:
+                target, message = arguments[0], arguments[1]
+                messages = _ctcp_dequote(message)
+
+                if command == "privmsg":
+                    if is_channel(target):
+                        command = "pubmsg"
+                else:
+                    if is_channel(target):
+                        command = "pubnotice"
+                    else:
+                        command = "privnotice"
+
+                for m in messages:
+                    if type(m) is types.TupleType:
+                        if command in ["privmsg", "pubmsg"]:
+                            command = "ctcp"
+                        else:
+                            command = "ctcpreply"
+
+                        m = list(m)
+                        if DEBUG:
+                            print "command: %s, source: %s, target: %s, arguments: %s" % (
+                                command, prefix, target, m)
+                        self._handle_event(Event(command, prefix, target, m))
+                        if command == "ctcp" and m[0] == "ACTION":
+                            self._handle_event(Event("action", prefix, target, m[1:]))
+                    else:
+                        if DEBUG:
+                            print "command: %s, source: %s, target: %s, arguments: %s" % (
+                                command, prefix, target, [m])
+                        self._handle_event(Event(command, prefix, target, [m]))
+            else:
+                target = None
+
+                if command == "quit":
+                    arguments = [arguments[0]]
+                elif command == "ping":
+                    target = arguments[0]
+                else:
+                    target = arguments[0]
+                    arguments = arguments[1:]
+
+                if command == "mode":
+                    if not is_channel(target):
+                        command = "umode"
+
+                if DEBUG:
+                    print "command: %s, source: %s, target: %s, arguments: %s" % (
+                        command, prefix, target, arguments)
+                self._handle_event(Event(command, prefix, target, arguments))
+
+    def _handle_event(self, event):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        self.irclibobj._handle_event(self, event)
+        if event.eventtype() in self.handlers:
+            for fn in self.handlers[event.eventtype()]:
+                fn(self, event)
+
+    def is_connected(self):
+        """Return connection status.
+
+        Returns true if connected, otherwise false.
+        """
+        return self.connected
+
+    def add_global_handler(self, *args):
+        """Add global handler.
+
+        See documentation for IRC.add_global_handler.
+        """
+        self.irclibobj.add_global_handler(*args)
+
+    def remove_global_handler(self, *args):
+        """Remove global handler.
+
+        See documentation for IRC.remove_global_handler.
+        """
+        self.irclibobj.remove_global_handler(*args)
+
+    def action(self, target, action):
+        """Send a CTCP ACTION command."""
+        self.ctcp("ACTION", target, action)
+
+    def admin(self, server=""):
+        """Send an ADMIN command."""
+        self.send_raw(" ".join(["ADMIN", server]).strip())
+
+    def ctcp(self, ctcptype, target, parameter=""):
+        """Send a CTCP command."""
+        ctcptype = ctcptype.upper()
+        self.privmsg(target, "\001%s%s\001" % (ctcptype, parameter and (" " + parameter) or ""))
+
+    def ctcp_reply(self, target, parameter):
+        """Send a CTCP REPLY command."""
+        self.notice(target, "\001%s\001" % parameter)
+
+    def disconnect(self, message=""):
+        """Hang up the connection.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            message -- Quit message.
+        """
+        if not self.connected:
+            return
+
+        self.connected = 0
+
+        self.quit(message)
+
+        try:
+            self.socket.close()
+        except socket.error:
+            pass
+        self.socket = None
+        self._handle_event(Event("disconnect", self.server, "", [message]))
+
+    def globops(self, text):
+        """Send a GLOBOPS command."""
+        self.send_raw("GLOBOPS :" + text)
+
+    def info(self, server=""):
+        """Send an INFO command."""
+        self.send_raw(" ".join(["INFO", server]).strip())
+
+    def invite(self, nick, channel):
+        """Send an INVITE command."""
+        self.send_raw(" ".join(["INVITE", nick, channel]).strip())
+
+    def ison(self, nicks):
+        """Send an ISON command.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            nicks -- List of nicks.
+        """
+        self.send_raw("ISON " + " ".join(nicks))
+
+    def join(self, channel, key=""):
+        """Send a JOIN command."""
+        self.send_raw("JOIN %s%s" % (channel, (key and (" " + key))))
+
+    def kick(self, channel, nick, comment=""):
+        """Send a KICK command."""
+        self.send_raw("KICK %s %s%s" % (channel, nick, (comment and (" :" + comment))))
+
+    def links(self, remote_server="", server_mask=""):
+        """Send a LINKS command."""
+        command = "LINKS"
+        if remote_server:
+            command = command + " " + remote_server
+        if server_mask:
+            command = command + " " + server_mask
+        self.send_raw(command)
+
+    def list(self, channels=None, server=""):
+        """Send a LIST command."""
+        command = "LIST"
+        if channels:
+            command = command + " " + ",".join(channels)
+        if server:
+            command = command + " " + server
+        self.send_raw(command)
+
+    def lusers(self, server=""):
+        """Send a LUSERS command."""
+        self.send_raw("LUSERS" + (server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def mode(self, target, command):
+        """Send a MODE command."""
+        self.send_raw("MODE %s %s" % (target, command))
+
+    def motd(self, server=""):
+        """Send an MOTD command."""
+        self.send_raw("MOTD" + (server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def names(self, channels=None):
+        """Send a NAMES command."""
+        self.send_raw("NAMES" + (channels and (" " + ",".join(channels)) or ""))
+
+    def nick(self, newnick):
+        """Send a NICK command."""
+        self.send_raw("NICK " + newnick)
+
+    def notice(self, target, text):
+        """Send a NOTICE command."""
+        # Should limit len(text) here!
+        self.send_raw("NOTICE %s :%s" % (target, text))
+
+    def oper(self, nick, password):
+        """Send an OPER command."""
+        self.send_raw("OPER %s %s" % (nick, password))
+
+    def part(self, channels, message=""):
+        """Send a PART command."""
+        channels = always_iterable(channels)
+        cmd_parts = [
+            'PART',
+            ','.join(channels),
+        ]
+        if message: cmd_parts.append(message)
+        self.send_raw(' '.join(cmd_parts))
+
+    def pass_(self, password):
+        """Send a PASS command."""
+        self.send_raw("PASS " + password)
+
+    def ping(self, target, target2=""):
+        """Send a PING command."""
+        self.send_raw("PING %s%s" % (target, target2 and (" " + target2)))
+
+    def pong(self, target, target2=""):
+        """Send a PONG command."""
+        self.send_raw("PONG %s%s" % (target, target2 and (" " + target2)))
+
+    def privmsg(self, target, text):
+        """Send a PRIVMSG command."""
+        # Should limit len(text) here!
+        self.send_raw("PRIVMSG %s :%s" % (target, text))
+
+    def privmsg_many(self, targets, text):
+        """Send a PRIVMSG command to multiple targets."""
+        # Should limit len(text) here!
+        self.send_raw("PRIVMSG %s :%s" % (",".join(targets), text))
+
+    def quit(self, message=""):
+        """Send a QUIT command."""
+        # Note that many IRC servers don't use your QUIT message
+        # unless you've been connected for at least 5 minutes!
+        self.send_raw("QUIT" + (message and (" :" + message)))
+
+    def send_raw(self, string):
+        """Send raw string to the server.
+
+        The string will be padded with appropriate CR LF.
+        """
+        if self.socket is None:
+            raise ServerNotConnectedError("Not connected.")
+        try:
+            if self.ssl:
+                self.ssl.write(string + "\r\n")
+            else:
+                self.socket.send(string + "\r\n")
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "TO SERVER:", string
+        except socket.error:
+            # Ouch!
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer.")
+
+    def squit(self, server, comment=""):
+        """Send an SQUIT command."""
+        self.send_raw("SQUIT %s%s" % (server, comment and (" :" + comment)))
+
+    def stats(self, statstype, server=""):
+        """Send a STATS command."""
+        self.send_raw("STATS %s%s" % (statstype, server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def time(self, server=""):
+        """Send a TIME command."""
+        self.send_raw("TIME" + (server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def topic(self, channel, new_topic=None):
+        """Send a TOPIC command."""
+        if new_topic is None:
+            self.send_raw("TOPIC " + channel)
+        else:
+            self.send_raw("TOPIC %s :%s" % (channel, new_topic))
+
+    def trace(self, target=""):
+        """Send a TRACE command."""
+        self.send_raw("TRACE" + (target and (" " + target)))
+
+    def user(self, username, realname):
+        """Send a USER command."""
+        self.send_raw("USER %s 0 * :%s" % (username, realname))
+
+    def userhost(self, nicks):
+        """Send a USERHOST command."""
+        self.send_raw("USERHOST " + ",".join(nicks))
+
+    def users(self, server=""):
+        """Send a USERS command."""
+        self.send_raw("USERS" + (server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def version(self, server=""):
+        """Send a VERSION command."""
+        self.send_raw("VERSION" + (server and (" " + server)))
+
+    def wallops(self, text):
+        """Send a WALLOPS command."""
+        self.send_raw("WALLOPS :" + text)
+
+    def who(self, target="", op=""):
+        """Send a WHO command."""
+        self.send_raw("WHO%s%s" % (target and (" " + target), op and (" o")))
+
+    def whois(self, targets):
+        """Send a WHOIS command."""
+        self.send_raw("WHOIS " + ",".join(targets))
+
+    def whowas(self, nick, max="", server=""):
+        """Send a WHOWAS command."""
+        self.send_raw("WHOWAS %s%s%s" % (nick,
+                                         max and (" " + max),
+                                         server and (" " + server)))
+
+class DCCConnectionError(IRCError):
+    pass
+
+
+class DCCConnection(Connection):
+    """This class represents a DCC connection.
+
+    DCCConnection objects are instantiated by calling the dcc
+    method on an IRC object.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, irclibobj, dcctype):
+        super(DCCConnection, self).__init__(irclibobj)
+        self.connected = 0
+        self.passive = 0
+        self.dcctype = dcctype
+        self.peeraddress = None
+        self.peerport = None
+
+    def connect(self, address, port):
+        """Connect/reconnect to a DCC peer.
+
+        Arguments:
+            address -- Host/IP address of the peer.
+
+            port -- The port number to connect to.
+
+        Returns the DCCConnection object.
+        """
+        self.peeraddress = socket.gethostbyname(address)
+        self.peerport = port
+        self.socket = None
+        self.previous_buffer = ""
+        self.handlers = {}
+        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        self.passive = 0
+        try:
+            self.socket.connect((self.peeraddress, self.peerport))
+        except socket.error, x:
+            raise DCCConnectionError("Couldn't connect to socket: %s" % x)
+        self.connected = 1
+        if self.irclibobj.fn_to_add_socket:
+            self.irclibobj.fn_to_add_socket(self.socket)
+        return self
+
+    def listen(self):
+        """Wait for a connection/reconnection from a DCC peer.
+
+        Returns the DCCConnection object.
+
+        The local IP address and port are available as
+        self.localaddress and self.localport.  After connection from a
+        peer, the peer address and port are available as
+        self.peeraddress and self.peerport.
+        """
+        self.previous_buffer = ""
+        self.handlers = {}
+        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        self.passive = 1
+        try:
+            self.socket.bind((socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()), 0))
+            self.localaddress, self.localport = self.socket.getsockname()
+            self.socket.listen(10)
+        except socket.error, x:
+            raise DCCConnectionError("Couldn't bind socket: %s" % x)
+        return self
+
+    def disconnect(self, message=""):
+        """Hang up the connection and close the object.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            message -- Quit message.
+        """
+        if not self.connected:
+            return
+
+        self.connected = 0
+        try:
+            self.socket.close()
+        except socket.error:
+            pass
+        self.socket = None
+        self.irclibobj._handle_event(
+            self,
+            Event("dcc_disconnect", self.peeraddress, "", [message]))
+        self.irclibobj._remove_connection(self)
+
+    def process_data(self):
+        """[Internal]"""
+
+        if self.passive and not self.connected:
+            conn, (self.peeraddress, self.peerport) = self.socket.accept()
+            self.socket.close()
+            self.socket = conn
+            self.connected = 1
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "DCC connection from %s:%d" % (
+                    self.peeraddress, self.peerport)
+            self.irclibobj._handle_event(
+                self,
+                Event("dcc_connect", self.peeraddress, None, None))
+            return
+
+        try:
+            new_data = self.socket.recv(2 ** 14)
+        except socket.error:
+            # The server hung up.
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer")
+            return
+        if not new_data:
+            # Read nothing: connection must be down.
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer")
+            return
+
+        if self.dcctype == "chat":
+            # The specification says lines are terminated with LF, but
+            # it seems safer to handle CR LF terminations too.
+            chunks = _linesep_regexp.split(self.previous_buffer + new_data)
+
+            # Save the last, unfinished line.
+            self.previous_buffer = chunks[-1]
+            if len(self.previous_buffer) > 2 ** 14:
+                # Bad peer! Naughty peer!
+                self.disconnect()
+                return
+            chunks = chunks[:-1]
+        else:
+            chunks = [new_data]
+
+        command = "dccmsg"
+        prefix = self.peeraddress
+        target = None
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "FROM PEER:", chunk
+            arguments = [chunk]
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "command: %s, source: %s, target: %s, arguments: %s" % (
+                    command, prefix, target, arguments)
+            self.irclibobj._handle_event(
+                self,
+                Event(command, prefix, target, arguments))
+
+    def _get_socket(self):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        return self.socket
+
+    def privmsg(self, string):
+        """Send data to DCC peer.
+
+        The string will be padded with appropriate LF if it's a DCC
+        CHAT session.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.socket.send(string)
+            if self.dcctype == "chat":
+                self.socket.send("\n")
+            if DEBUG:
+                print "TO PEER: %s\n" % string
+        except socket.error:
+            # Ouch!
+            self.disconnect("Connection reset by peer.")
+
+class SimpleIRCClient(object):
+    """A simple single-server IRC client class.
+
+    This is an example of an object-oriented wrapper of the IRC
+    framework.  A real IRC client can be made by subclassing this
+    class and adding appropriate methods.
+
+    The method on_join will be called when a "join" event is created
+    (which is done when the server sends a JOIN messsage/command),
+    on_privmsg will be called for "privmsg" events, and so on.  The
+    handler methods get two arguments: the connection object (same as
+    self.connection) and the event object.
+
+    Instance attributes that can be used by sub classes:
+
+        ircobj -- The IRC instance.
+
+        connection -- The ServerConnection instance.
+
+        dcc_connections -- A list of DCCConnection instances.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.ircobj = IRC()
+        self.connection = self.ircobj.server()
+        self.dcc_connections = []
+        self.ircobj.add_global_handler("all_events", self._dispatcher, -10)
+        self.ircobj.add_global_handler("dcc_disconnect", self._dcc_disconnect, -10)
+
+    def _dispatcher(self, c, e):
+        """[Internal]"""
+        if DEBUG:
+            print("irclib.py:_dispatcher:%s" % e.eventtype())
+
+        m = "on_" + e.eventtype()
+        if hasattr(self, m):
+            getattr(self, m)(c, e)
+
+    def _dcc_disconnect(self, c, e):
+        self.dcc_connections.remove(c)
+
+    def connect(self, server, port, nickname, password=None, username=None,
+                ircname=None, localaddress="", localport=0, ssl=False, ipv6=False):
+        """Connect/reconnect to a server.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            server -- Server name.
+
+            port -- Port number.
+
+            nickname -- The nickname.
+
+            password -- Password (if any).
+
+            username -- The username.
+
+            ircname -- The IRC name.
+
+            localaddress -- Bind the connection to a specific local IP address.
+
+            localport -- Bind the connection to a specific local port.
+
+            ssl -- Enable support for ssl.
+
+            ipv6 -- Enable support for ipv6.
+
+        This function can be called to reconnect a closed connection.
+        """
+        self.connection.connect(server, port, nickname,
+                                password, username, ircname,
+                                localaddress, localport, ssl, ipv6)
+
+    def dcc_connect(self, address, port, dcctype="chat"):
+        """Connect to a DCC peer.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            address -- IP address of the peer.
+
+            port -- Port to connect to.
+
+        Returns a DCCConnection instance.
+        """
+        dcc = self.ircobj.dcc(dcctype)
+        self.dcc_connections.append(dcc)
+        dcc.connect(address, port)
+        return dcc
+
+    def dcc_listen(self, dcctype="chat"):
+        """Listen for connections from a DCC peer.
+
+        Returns a DCCConnection instance.
+        """
+        dcc = self.ircobj.dcc(dcctype)
+        self.dcc_connections.append(dcc)
+        dcc.listen()
+        return dcc
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Start the IRC client."""
+        self.ircobj.process_forever()
+
+
+class Event(object):
+    """Class representing an IRC event."""
+    def __init__(self, eventtype, source, target, arguments=None):
+        """Constructor of Event objects.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            eventtype -- A string describing the event.
+
+            source -- The originator of the event (a nick mask or a server).
+
+            target -- The target of the event (a nick or a channel).
+
+            arguments -- Any event specific arguments.
+        """
+        self._eventtype = eventtype
+        self._source = source
+        self._target = target
+        if arguments:
+            self._arguments = arguments
+        else:
+            self._arguments = []
+
+    def eventtype(self):
+        """Get the event type."""
+        return self._eventtype
+
+    def source(self):
+        """Get the event source."""
+        return self._source
+
+    def target(self):
+        """Get the event target."""
+        return self._target
+
+    def arguments(self):
+        """Get the event arguments."""
+        return self._arguments
+
+_LOW_LEVEL_QUOTE = "\020"
+_CTCP_LEVEL_QUOTE = "\134"
+_CTCP_DELIMITER = "\001"
+
+_low_level_mapping = {
+    "0": "\000",
+    "n": "\n",
+    "r": "\r",
+    _LOW_LEVEL_QUOTE: _LOW_LEVEL_QUOTE
+}
+
+_low_level_regexp = re.compile(_LOW_LEVEL_QUOTE + "(.)")
+
+def mask_matches(nick, mask):
+    """Check if a nick matches a mask.
+
+    Returns true if the nick matches, otherwise false.
+    """
+    nick = irc_lower(nick)
+    mask = irc_lower(mask)
+    mask = mask.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+    for ch in ".$|[](){}+":
+        mask = mask.replace(ch, "\\" + ch)
+    mask = mask.replace("?", ".")
+    mask = mask.replace("*", ".*")
+    r = re.compile(mask, re.IGNORECASE)
+    return r.match(nick)
+
+_special = "-[]\\`^{}"
+nick_characters = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + _special
+
+def _ctcp_dequote(message):
+    """[Internal] Dequote a message according to CTCP specifications.
+
+    The function returns a list where each element can be either a
+    string (normal message) or a tuple of one or two strings (tagged
+    messages).  If a tuple has only one element (ie is a singleton),
+    that element is the tag; otherwise the tuple has two elements: the
+    tag and the data.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+        message -- The message to be decoded.
+    """
+
+    def _low_level_replace(match_obj):
+        ch = match_obj.group(1)
+
+        # If low_level_mapping doesn't have the character as key, we
+        # should just return the character.
+        return _low_level_mapping.get(ch, ch)
+
+    if _LOW_LEVEL_QUOTE in message:
+        # Yup, there was a quote.  Release the dequoter, man!
+        message = _low_level_regexp.sub(_low_level_replace, message)
+
+    if _CTCP_DELIMITER not in message:
+        return [message]
+    else:
+        # Split it into parts.  (Does any IRC client actually *use*
+        # CTCP stacking like this?)
+        chunks = message.split(_CTCP_DELIMITER)
+
+        messages = []
+        i = 0
+        while i < len(chunks) - 1:
+            # Add message if it's non-empty.
+            if len(chunks[i]) > 0:
+                messages.append(chunks[i])
+
+            if i < len(chunks) - 2:
+                # Aye!  CTCP tagged data ahead!
+                messages.append(tuple(chunks[i + 1].split(" ", 1)))
+
+            i = i + 2
+
+        if len(chunks) % 2 == 0:
+            # Hey, a lonely _CTCP_DELIMITER at the end!  This means
+            # that the last chunk, including the delimiter, is a
+            # normal message!  (This is according to the CTCP
+            # specification.)
+            messages.append(_CTCP_DELIMITER + chunks[-1])
+
+        return messages
+
+def is_channel(string):
+    """Check if a string is a channel name.
+
+    Returns true if the argument is a channel name, otherwise false.
+    """
+    return string and string[0] in "#&+!"
+
+def ip_numstr_to_quad(num):
+    """Convert an IP number as an integer given in ASCII
+    representation (e.g. '3232235521') to an IP address string
+    (e.g. '192.168.0.1')."""
+    n = long(num)
+    p = map(str, map(int, [n >> 24 & 0xFF, n >> 16 & 0xFF,
+                           n >> 8 & 0xFF, n & 0xFF]))
+    return ".".join(p)
+
+def ip_quad_to_numstr(quad):
+    """Convert an IP address string (e.g. '192.168.0.1') to an IP
+    number as an integer given in ASCII representation
+    (e.g. '3232235521')."""
+    p = map(long, quad.split("."))
+    s = str((p[0] << 24) | (p[1] << 16) | (p[2] << 8) | p[3])
+    if s[-1] == "L":
+        s = s[:-1]
+    return s
+
+def nm_to_n(s):
+    """Get the nick part of a nickmask.
+
+    (The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
+    """
+    return s.split("!")[0]
+
+def nm_to_uh(s):
+    """Get the userhost part of a nickmask.
+
+    (The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
+    """
+    return s.split("!")[1]
+
+def nm_to_h(s):
+    """Get the host part of a nickmask.
+
+    (The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
+    """
+    return s.split("@")[1]
+
+def nm_to_u(s):
+    """Get the user part of a nickmask.
+
+    (The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
+    """
+    s = s.split("!")[1]
+    return s.split("@")[0]
+
+def parse_nick_modes(mode_string):
+    """Parse a nick mode string.
+
+    The function returns a list of lists with three members: sign,
+    mode and argument.  The sign is "+" or "-".  The argument is
+    always None.
+
+    Example:
+
+    >>> parse_nick_modes("+ab-c")
+    [['+', 'a', None], ['+', 'b', None], ['-', 'c', None]]
+    """
+
+    return _parse_modes(mode_string, "")
+
+def parse_channel_modes(mode_string):
+    """Parse a channel mode string.
+
+    The function returns a list of lists with three members: sign,
+    mode and argument.  The sign is "+" or "-".  The argument is
+    None if mode isn't one of "b", "k", "l", "v" or "o".
+
+    Example:
+
+    >>> parse_channel_modes("+ab-c foo")
+    [['+', 'a', None], ['+', 'b', 'foo'], ['-', 'c', None]]
+    """
+
+    return _parse_modes(mode_string, "bklvo")
+
+def _parse_modes(mode_string, unary_modes=""):
+    """[Internal]"""
+    modes = []
+    arg_count = 0
+
+    # State variable.
+    sign = ""
+
+    a = mode_string.split()
+    if len(a) == 0:
+        return []
+    else:
+        mode_part, args = a[0], a[1:]
+
+    if mode_part[0] not in "+-":
+        return []
+    for ch in mode_part:
+        if ch in "+-":
+            sign = ch
+        elif ch == " ":
+            pass
+        elif ch in unary_modes:
+            if len(args) >= arg_count + 1:
+                modes.append([sign, ch, args[arg_count]])
+                arg_count = arg_count + 1
+            else:
+                modes.append([sign, ch, None])
+        else:
+            modes.append([sign, ch, None])
+    return modes
+
+def _ping_ponger(connection, event):
+    """[Internal]"""
+    connection.pong(event.target())
+
+# Numeric table mostly stolen from the Perl IRC module (Net::IRC).
+numeric_events = {
+    "001": "welcome",
+    "002": "yourhost",
+    "003": "created",
+    "004": "myinfo",
+    "005": "featurelist",  # XXX
+    "200": "tracelink",
+    "201": "traceconnecting",
+    "202": "tracehandshake",
+    "203": "traceunknown",
+    "204": "traceoperator",
+    "205": "traceuser",
+    "206": "traceserver",
+    "207": "traceservice",
+    "208": "tracenewtype",
+    "209": "traceclass",
+    "210": "tracereconnect",
+    "211": "statslinkinfo",
+    "212": "statscommands",
+    "213": "statscline",
+    "214": "statsnline",
+    "215": "statsiline",
+    "216": "statskline",
+    "217": "statsqline",
+    "218": "statsyline",
+    "219": "endofstats",
+    "221": "umodeis",
+    "231": "serviceinfo",
+    "232": "endofservices",
+    "233": "service",
+    "234": "servlist",
+    "235": "servlistend",
+    "241": "statslline",
+    "242": "statsuptime",
+    "243": "statsoline",
+    "244": "statshline",
+    "250": "luserconns",
+    "251": "luserclient",
+    "252": "luserop",
+    "253": "luserunknown",
+    "254": "luserchannels",
+    "255": "luserme",
+    "256": "adminme",
+    "257": "adminloc1",
+    "258": "adminloc2",
+    "259": "adminemail",
+    "261": "tracelog",
+    "262": "endoftrace",
+    "263": "tryagain",
+    "265": "n_local",
+    "266": "n_global",
+    "300": "none",
+    "301": "away",
+    "302": "userhost",
+    "303": "ison",
+    "305": "unaway",
+    "306": "nowaway",
+    "311": "whoisuser",
+    "312": "whoisserver",
+    "313": "whoisoperator",
+    "314": "whowasuser",
+    "315": "endofwho",
+    "316": "whoischanop",
+    "317": "whoisidle",
+    "318": "endofwhois",
+    "319": "whoischannels",
+    "321": "liststart",
+    "322": "list",
+    "323": "listend",
+    "324": "channelmodeis",
+    "329": "channelcreate",
+    "331": "notopic",
+    "332": "currenttopic",
+    "333": "topicinfo",
+    "341": "inviting",
+    "342": "summoning",
+    "346": "invitelist",
+    "347": "endofinvitelist",
+    "348": "exceptlist",
+    "349": "endofexceptlist",
+    "351": "version",
+    "352": "whoreply",
+    "353": "namreply",
+    "361": "killdone",
+    "362": "closing",
+    "363": "closeend",
+    "364": "links",
+    "365": "endoflinks",
+    "366": "endofnames",
+    "367": "banlist",
+    "368": "endofbanlist",
+    "369": "endofwhowas",
+    "371": "info",
+    "372": "motd",
+    "373": "infostart",
+    "374": "endofinfo",
+    "375": "motdstart",
+    "376": "endofmotd",
+    "377": "motd2",        # 1997-10-16 -- tkil
+    "381": "youreoper",
+    "382": "rehashing",
+    "384": "myportis",
+    "391": "time",
+    "392": "usersstart",
+    "393": "users",
+    "394": "endofusers",
+    "395": "nousers",
+    "401": "nosuchnick",
+    "402": "nosuchserver",
+    "403": "nosuchchannel",
+    "404": "cannotsendtochan",
+    "405": "toomanychannels",
+    "406": "wasnosuchnick",
+    "407": "toomanytargets",
+    "409": "noorigin",
+    "411": "norecipient",
+    "412": "notexttosend",
+    "413": "notoplevel",
+    "414": "wildtoplevel",
+    "421": "unknowncommand",
+    "422": "nomotd",
+    "423": "noadmininfo",
+    "424": "fileerror",
+    "431": "nonicknamegiven",
+    "432": "erroneusnickname",  # Thiss iz how its speld in thee RFC.
+    "433": "nicknameinuse",
+    "436": "nickcollision",
+    "437": "unavailresource",  # "Nick temporally unavailable"
+    "441": "usernotinchannel",
+    "442": "notonchannel",
+    "443": "useronchannel",
+    "444": "nologin",
+    "445": "summondisabled",
+    "446": "usersdisabled",
+    "451": "notregistered",
+    "461": "needmoreparams",
+    "462": "alreadyregistered",
+    "463": "nopermforhost",
+    "464": "passwdmismatch",
+    "465": "yourebannedcreep",  # I love this one...
+    "466": "youwillbebanned",
+    "467": "keyset",
+    "471": "channelisfull",
+    "472": "unknownmode",
+    "473": "inviteonlychan",
+    "474": "bannedfromchan",
+    "475": "badchannelkey",
+    "476": "badchanmask",
+    "477": "nochanmodes",  # "Channel doesn't support modes"
+    "478": "banlistfull",
+    "481": "noprivileges",
+    "482": "chanoprivsneeded",
+    "483": "cantkillserver",
+    "484": "restricted",   # Connection is restricted
+    "485": "uniqopprivsneeded",
+    "491": "nooperhost",
+    "492": "noservicehost",
+    "501": "umodeunknownflag",
+    "502": "usersdontmatch",
+}
+
+generated_events = [
+    # Generated events
+    "dcc_connect",
+    "dcc_disconnect",
+    "dccmsg",
+    "disconnect",
+    "ctcp",
+    "ctcpreply",
+]
+
+protocol_events = [
+    # IRC protocol events
+    "error",
+    "join",
+    "kick",
+    "mode",
+    "part",
+    "ping",
+    "privmsg",
+    "privnotice",
+    "pubmsg",
+    "pubnotice",
+    "quit",
+    "invite",
+    "pong",
+]
+
+all_events = generated_events + protocol_events + numeric_events.values()
+
+# from jaraco.util.itertools
+def always_iterable(item):
+    """
+    Given an object, always return an iterable. If the item is not
+    already iterable, return a tuple containing only the item.
+
+    >>> always_iterable([1,2,3])
+    [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> always_iterable('foo')
+    ('foo',)
+    >>> always_iterable(None)
+    (None,)
+    >>> always_iterable(xrange(10))
+    xrange(10)
+    """
+    if isinstance(item, basestring) or not hasattr(item, '__iter__'):
+        item = item,
+    return item
+
+# from jaraco.util.string
+class FoldedCase(str):
+    """
+    A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
+    except compares equal when the only variation is case.
+    >>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
+
+    >>> s == 'Hello World'
+    True
+
+    >>> 'Hello World' == s
+    True
+
+    >>> s.index('O')
+    4
+
+    >>> s.split('O')
+    ['hell', ' w', 'rld']
+
+    >>> names = map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta'])
+    >>> names.sort()
+    >>> names
+    ['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
+    """
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() < other.lower()
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() > other.lower()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.lower() == other.lower()
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.lower())
+
+    # cache lower since it's likely to be called frequently.
+    def lower(self):
+        self._lower = super(FoldedCase, self).lower()
+        self.lower = lambda: self._lower
+        return self._lower
+
+    def index(self, sub):
+        return self.lower().index(sub.lower())
+
+    def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
+        pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
+        return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)
+
+class IRCFoldedCase(FoldedCase):
+    """
+    A version of FoldedCase that honors the IRC specification for lowercased
+    strings (RFC 1459).
+
+    >>> IRCFoldedCase('Foo^').lower()
+    'foo~'
+    >>> IRCFoldedCase('[this]') == IRCFoldedCase('{THIS}')
+    True
+    """
+    translation = string.maketrans(
+        string.ascii_uppercase + r"[]\^",
+        string.ascii_lowercase + r"{}|~",
+    )
+
+    def lower(self):
+        return self.translate(self.translation)
+
+# for compatibility
+def irc_lower(str):
+    return IRCFoldedCase(str).lower()
+
+def total_seconds(td):
+    """
+    Python 2.7 adds a total_seconds method to timedelta objects.
+    See http://docs.python.org/library/datetime.html#datetime.timedelta.total_seconds
+    """
+    try:
+        result = td.total_seconds()
+    except AttributeError:
+        result = (td.microseconds + (td.seconds + td.days * 24 * 3600) * 10**6) / 10**6
+    return result