SPECIFYING REVISIONS
--------------------
-A revision parameter typically, but not necessarily, names a
+A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
commit object. They use what is called an 'extended SHA1'
syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The
ones listed near the end of this list are to name trees and
blobs contained in a commit.
-* The full SHA1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
+'<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
+ The full SHA1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
a substring of such that is unique within the repository.
E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
name the same commit object if there are no other object in
your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
-* An output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
+'<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
+ An output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
'g', and an abbreviated object name.
-* A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
+'<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
+ A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you
happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell git which one you mean.
. otherwise, 'refs/<name>' if exists;
- . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<name>' if exists;
+ . otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if exists;
. otherwise, 'refs/heads/<name>' if exists;
Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file.
-* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
+'<refname>@\{<date>\}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@\{5 minutes ago\}'::
+ A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
enclosed in a brace
pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '\{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
second ago\}' or '\{1979-02-26 18:30:00\}') to specify the value
'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
certain times, see '--since' and '--until'.
-* A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
+'<refname>@\{<n>\}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
+ A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') to specify
the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}'
is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
- log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>').
+ log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').
-* You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
+'@\{<n>\}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
+ You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
reflog of the current branch. For example, if you are on the
branch 'blabla', then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.
-* The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out
+'@\{-<n>\}', e.g. '@\{-1\}'::
+ The special construct '@\{-<n>\}' means the <n>th branch checked out
before the current one.
-* The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a ref (short form 'ref@\{u\}') refers to
+'<refname>@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
+ The suffix '@\{upstream\}' to a ref (short form '<refname>@\{u\}') refers to
the branch the ref is set to build on top of. Missing ref defaults
to the current branch.
-* A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter (e.g. 'HEAD{caret}') means the first parent of
+'<rev>{caret}', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
+ A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
that commit object. '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
- 'rev{caret}'
- is equivalent to 'rev{caret}1'). As a special rule,
- 'rev{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when 'rev' is the
+ '<rev>{caret}'
+ is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1'). As a special rule,
+ '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
-* A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
+'<rev>{tilde}<n>', e.g. 'master{tilde}3'::
+ A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
object that is the <n>th generation grand-parent of the named
- commit object, following only the first parent. I.e. rev~3 is
- equivalent to rev{caret}{caret}{caret} which is equivalent to
- rev{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1. See below for a illustration of
+ commit object, following only the first parent. I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
+ equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
+ '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for a illustration of
the usage of this form.
-* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
- brace pair (e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}') means the object
+'<rev>{caret}\{<type>\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
+ A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
+ brace pair means the object
could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until an
object of that type is found or the object cannot be
- dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). 'rev{caret}0'
- introduced earlier is a short-hand for 'rev{caret}\{commit\}'.
+ dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). '<rev>{caret}0'
+ introduced earlier is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
-* A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
- (e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}') means the object could be a tag,
+'<rev>{caret}\{\}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{\}'::
+ A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
+ means the object could be a tag,
and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
found.
-* A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter followed by a brace
- pair that contains a text led by a slash (e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'):
- this is the same as ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
+'<rev>{caret}\{/<text>\}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
+ A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
+ pair that contains a text led by a slash,
+ is the same as ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
- the ref before '{caret}'.
+ the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.
-* A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text (e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'): this names
+':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
+ A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
reachable from any ref. If the commit message starts with a
The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To
match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'.
-* A suffix ':' followed by a path (e.g. 'HEAD:README'); this names the blob or tree
+'<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', ':README', 'master:./README'::
+ A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
before the colon.
- ':path' (with an empty part before the colon, e.g. ':README')
+ ':path' (with an empty part before the colon)
is a special case of the syntax described next: content
recorded in the index at the given path.
A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to current working directory.
This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
the same tree structure with the working tree.
-* A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
- colon, followed by a path (e.g. ':0:README'); this names a blob object in the
+':<n>:<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
+ A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
+ colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
index at the given path. Missing stage number (and the colon
- that follows it, e.g. ':README') names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
+ that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
(typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
the branch being merged.
projects / git.git / commitdiff