Refactor patch-id filtering out of git-cherry and git-format-patch.

Refactor patch-id filtering out of git-cherry and git-format-patch.

This implements the patch-id computation and recording library,
patch-ids.c, and rewrites the get_patch_ids() function used in
cherry and format-patch to use it, so that they do not pollute
the object namespace.  Earlier code threw non-objects into the
in-core object database, and hoped for not getting bitten by
SHA-1 collisions.  While it may be practically Ok, it still was
an ugly hack.

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>