Rename the undocumented --conistent option to --complete-graph and add

[portage.git] / man / emerge.1

.TH "EMERGE" "1" "Jun 2007" "Portage 2.1.3" "Portage"
.SH "NAME"
emerge \- Command\-line interface to the Portage system
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.TP
.BR emerge
[\fIoptions\fR] [\fIaction\fR] [\fIebuild\fR | \fItbz2file\fR | \fI@set\fR | \fIatom\fR] ...
.TP
.BR emerge
\fB\-\-sync\fR | \fB\-\-version\fR
.TP
.BR emerge
\fB\-\-info\fR [\fIatom\fR]
.TP
.BR emerge
\fB\-\-search\fR \fIsomestring\fR
.TP
.BR emerge
\fB\-\-help\fR [\fBsystem\fR | \fBworld\fR | \fB\-\-sync\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
\fBemerge\fR is the definitive command\-line interface to the Portage
system.  It is primarily used for installing packages, and \fBemerge\fR
can automatically handle any dependencies that the desired package has.
\fBemerge\fR can also update the \fBportage tree\fR, making new and
updated packages available.  \fBemerge\fR gracefully handles updating
installed packages to newer releases as well.  It handles both source
and binary packages, and it can be used to create binary packages for
distribution.
.SH "EBUILDS, TBZ2S, SETS AND ATOMS"
\fBemerge\fR primarily installs packages.  You can specify
packages to install in one of four main ways: an \fIebuild\fR,
a \fItbz2file\fR, a \fIset\fR, or an \fIatom\fR.
.LP
.TP
.BR ebuild
An \fIebuild\fR must be, at a minimum, a valid Portage
package directory name without a version or category, such as
\fBportage\fR or \fBpython\fR.
Both categories and version numbers may be used in addition, such
as \fBsys\-apps/portage\fR or \fB=python\-2.2.1\-r2\fR.
\fBemerge\fR
ignores a trailing slash so that filename completion can be used.
The \fIebuild\fR may also be an actual filename, such as
\fB/usr/portage/app\-admin/python/python\-2.2.1\-r2.ebuild\fR.
\fBWARNING:\fR The implementation of \fBemerge /path/to/ebuild\fR is broken and
so this syntax shouldn't be used.
.TP
.BR tbz2file
A \fItbz2file\fR must be a valid .tbz2 created with \fBebuild
<package>\-<version>.ebuild package\fR or \fBemerge \-\-buildpkg 
[category/]<package>\fR or \fBquickpkg /var/db/pkg/<category>/<package>\fR.
.TP
.BR set
A \fIset\fR is a convenient shorthand for a large group of
packages.  Two sets are currently always available: \fBsystem\fR
and \fBworld\fR.  \fBsystem\fR refers to a set of packages
deemed necessary for your system to run properly. \fBworld\fR
contains all the packages listed in \fB/var/lib/portage/world\fR.  [See
\fBFILES\fR below for more information.] Other sets can exist depending
on the current configuration. Note that a \fIset\fR
is generally used in conjunction with \fB\-\-update\fR. When used as 
arguments to \fBemerge\fR sets have to be prefixed with \fB@\fR to be
recognized.
.TP
.BR atom
An \fIatom\fR describes bounds on a package that you wish to install.  
\fISee portage(5) for the details on atom syntax.\fR  For example, 
\fB>=dev\-lang/python\-2.2.1\-r2\fR matches the latest available version of 
Python greater than or equal to 2.2.1\-r2.  Similarly, 
\fB<dev\-lang/python\-2.0\fR matches the latest available version of Python 
before 2.0.  Note that in many shells you will need to escape characters such 
as '<' and '='; use single\- or double\-quotes around the \fIatom\fR 
to get around escaping problems.
.SH "ACTIONS"
.TP
.BR "No action"
If no action is specified, the action is to merge in the specified
packages, satisfying any dependencies that they may have.  The
arguments can be \fIebuilds\fR, \fItbz2s\fR, \fIsets\fR, or
\fIatoms\fR.  \fBNote that you need to use the \-\-usepkg 
option if you want to install a tbz2\fR.  The packages are added
to the \fBworld\fR file at the end, so that they are considered for
later updating.
.TP
.BR "\-\-clean " (\fB\-c\fR)
Cleans up the system by examining the installed packages and removing older
packages.  This is accomplished by looking at each installed package and separating
the installed versions by \fBslot\fR.  Clean will \fBremove all but the most recently
installed version in each \fbslot\fR.  Clean should not remove unslotted packages.
Note: Most recently installed means most \fBrecent\fR, not highest version.
.TP
.BR "\-\-config "
Run package specific actions needed to be executed after the emerge process 
has completed.  This usually entails configuration file setup or other similar 
setups that the user may wish to run.
.TP
.BR \-\-depclean
Cleans the system by removing packages that are not associated
with explicitly merged packages. Depclean works by creating the
full dependency tree from the system list and the world file,
then comparing it to installed packages. Packages installed, but
not associated with an explicit merge are listed as candidates
for unmerging. Inexperienced users are advised to use \fB\-\-pretend\fR
with this option in order to see a preview of which packages
will be uninstalled. \fBWARNING: Removing some
packages may cause packages which link to the removed package 
to stop working and complain about missing libraries.\fR
Rebuild the complaining package to fix this issue.  Also see
\fB\-\-with\-bdeps\fR for behavior with respect to build time dependencies that
are not strictly required. Depclean serves as a dependency aware
version of \fB\-\-unmerge\fR. When given one or more atoms, it will
unmerge matched packages that have no reverse dependencies. Use
\fB\-\-depclean\fR together with \fB\-\-verbose\fR to show reverse
dependencies.
.TP
.BR "\-\-help " (\fB\-h\fR)
Displays help information for emerge.  Adding one of the additional
arguments listed above will give you more specific help information
on that subject.  The internal \fBemerge\fR help documentation is
updated more frequently than this man page; check it out if you
are having problems that this man page does not help resolve.
.TP
.BR \-\-info
Produces a list of information to include in bug reports which aids the 
developers when fixing the reported problem.  \fBPlease include this 
information when submitting a bug report.\fR  Expanded output can be obtained 
with the \fI\-\-verbose\fR option.
.TP
.BR \-\-metadata
Transfers metadata cache from ${PORTDIR}/metadata/cache/ to
/var/cache/edb/dep/ as is normally done on the
tail end of an rsync update using \fBemerge \-\-sync\fR.  This process
populates the cache database that portage uses for pre-parsed lookups of
package data.  It does not populate cache for the overlays listed in
PORTDIR_OVERLAY.  In order to generate cache for overlays, use \fB\-\-regen\fR.
.TP
.BR "\-\-prune " (\fB\-P\fR)
\fBWARNING: This action can remove important packages!\fR  Removes all but the
highest installed version of a package from your system. This action doesn't
verify the possible binary compatibility between versions and can thus remove
essential dependencies from your system. Use \fB\-\-prune\fR together with
\fB\-\-verbose\fR to show reverse dependencies or with \fB\-\-nodeps\fR to
ignore all dependencies.
.TP
.BR \-\-regen
Causes portage to check and update the dependency cache of all ebuilds in the 
portage tree.  The cache is used to speed up searches and the building of 
dependency trees.  This command is not recommended for rsync users as rsync 
updates the cache using server\-side caches.  If you do not know the 
differences between a 'rsync user' and some other user, then you are a 'rsync 
user' :).  Rsync users should simply run \fBemerge \-\-sync\fR to regenerate 
the cache.  After a portage update, rsync users may find it convenient to run 
\fBemerge \-\-metadata\fR to rebuild the cache as portage does at the end of 
a sync operation.
.TP
.BR "\-\-resume"
Resumes the most recent merge list that has been aborted due to an error.
Please note that this operation will only return an error on failure.  If there
is nothing for portage to do, then portage will exit with a message and a
success condition. A resume list will persist until it has been completed in
entirety or until another aborted merge list replaces it.  The resume history
is capable of storing two merge lists.  After one resume list completes, it is
possible to invoke \-\-resume once again in order to resume an older list.
.TP
.BR "\-\-search " (\fB\-s\fR)
Searches for matches of the supplied string in the portage tree.
By default emerge uses a case-insensitive simple search, but you can 
enable a regular expression search by prefixing the search string with %.
For example, \fBemerge \-\-search "%^kde"\fR searches for any package whose 
name starts with "kde"; \fBemerge \-\-search "%gcc$"\fR searches for any 
package that ends with "gcc"; \fBemerge \-\-search "office"\fR searches for 
any package that contains the word "office".  If you want to include the 
category into the search string, prepend an @: \fBemerge --search 
"%@^dev-java.*jdk"\fR. If you want to search the package descriptions as well, 
use the \fB\-\-searchdesc\fR action.
.TP
.BR "\-\-searchdesc " (\fB\-S\fR)
Matches the search string against the description field as well as
the package name.  \fBTake caution\fR as the descriptions are also
matched as regular expressions.
.TP
.BR \-\-sync
Initiates a portage tree update with one of the rsync.gentoo.org
mirrors.  \fBNote that any changes you have made to the portage
tree will be erased\fR.  Except for special circumstances, 
this uses \fBrsync\fR to do the update.  See \fBmake.conf\fR(5)'s 
description of PORTDIR_OVERLAY for a method to avoid deletions.
.TP
.BR "\-\-unmerge " (\fB\-C\fR)
\fBWARNING: This action can remove important packages!\fR Removes
all matching packages.  This does no checking of dependencies, so
it may remove packages necessary for the proper operation of your
system.  Its arguments can be \fIatoms\fR or
\fIebuilds\fR. For a dependency aware version of \fB\-\-unmerge\fR,
use \fB\-\-depclean\fR or \fB\-\-prune\fR.
.TP
.BR "\-\-update " (\fB\-u\fR)
Updates packages to the best version available, which may not always be the 
highest version number due to masking for testing and development.  This will 
also update direct dependencies which may not be what you want.  Package atoms
specified on the command line are greedy, meaning that unspecific atoms may
match multiple installed versions of slotted packages.
.TP
.BR "\-\-version " (\fB\-V\fR)
Displays the version number of \fBemerge\fR.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.TP
.BR "\-\-alphabetical "
When displaying USE and other flag output, combines the enabled and
disabled lists into one list and sorts the whole list alphabetically.
.TP
.BR "\-\-ask " (\fB\-a\fR)
Before performing the action, display what will take place (server info for
\fB\-\-sync\fR, \fB\-\-pretend\fR output for merge, and so forth), then ask
whether to proceed with the action or abort.  Using \fB\-\-ask\fR is more
efficient than using \fB\-\-pretend\fR and then executing the same command
without \fB\-\-pretend\fR, as dependencies will only need to be calculated once.
\fBWARNING: If the "Enter" key is pressed at the prompt (with no other input),
it is interpreted as acceptance of the first choice.  Note that the input
buffer is not cleared prior to the prompt, so an accidental press of the
"Enter" key at any time prior to the prompt will be interpreted as a choice!\fR
.TP
.BR "\-\-buildpkg " (\fB\-b\fR)
Tells emerge to build binary packages for all ebuilds processed in
addition to actually merging the packages.  Useful for maintainers
or if you administrate multiple Gentoo Linux systems (build once,
emerge tbz2s everywhere) as well as disaster recovery. The package
will be created in the
\fI${PKGDIR}/All\fR directory.  An alternative for already\-merged
packages is to use \fBquickpkg\fR(1) which creates a tbz2 from the
live filesystem.
.TP
.BR "\-\-buildpkgonly " (\fB\-B\fR)
Creates binary packages for all ebuilds processed without actually
merging the packages.  This comes with the caveat that all build-time 
dependencies must already be emerged on the system.
.TP
.BR "\-\-changelog " (\fB\-l\fR)
Use this in conjunction with the \fB\-\-pretend\fR option.  This will
show the ChangeLog entries for all the packages that will be upgraded.
.TP
.BR "\-\-color < y | n >"
Enable or disable color output.  This option will override \fINOCOLOR\fR
(see \fBmake.conf\fR(5)) and may also be used to force color output when stdout
is not a tty (by default, color is disabled unless stdout is a tty).
.TP
.BR "\-\-columns"
Used alongside \fB\-\-pretend\fR to cause the package name, new version, 
and old version to be displayed in an aligned format for easy cut\-n\-paste.
.TP
.BR "\-\-complete\-graph"
This causes \fBemerge\fR to consider the deep dependencies of all
packages from the system and world sets. With this option enabled,
\fBemerge\fR will bail out if it determines that the given operation will
break any dependencies of the packages that have been added to the
graph. Like the \fB\-\-deep\fR option, the \fB\-\-complete\-graph\fR
option will significantly increase the time taken for dependency
calculations. Note that, unlike the \fB\-\-deep\fR option, the
\fB\-\-complete\-graph\fR option does not cause any more packages to
be updated than would have otherwise been updated with the option disabled.
.TP
.BR \-\-config\-root=DIR
Set the \fBPORTAGE_CONFIGROOT\fR environment variable.
.TP
.BR "\-\-debug " (\fB\-d\fR)
Tells emerge to run the emerge command in \fB\-\-debug\fR mode.  In this
mode the bash build environment will run with the \-x option, causing 
it to output verbose debugging information to stdout.  This also enables
a plethora of other output (mostly dependency resolution messages).
.TP
.BR "\-\-deep " (\fB\-D\fR)
This flag forces
\fBemerge\fR to consider the entire dependency tree of packages,
instead of checking only the immediate dependencies of the packages.
As an example, this catches updates in libraries that are not directly
listed in the dependencies of a package.  Also see \fB\-\-with\-bdeps\fR for
behavior with respect to build time dependencies that are not strictly
required.
.TP
.BR "\-\-emptytree " (\fB\-e\fR)
Reinstalls all world packages and their dependencies to the current USE 
specifications while differing from the installed set of packages as 
little as possible.  You should run with \fB\-\-pretend\fR first to make 
sure the result is what you expect.
.TP
.BR "\-\-fetchonly " (\fB\-f\fR)
Instead of doing any package building, just perform fetches for all
packages (fetch things from SRC_URI based upon USE setting).
.TP
.BR "\-\-fetch\-all\-uri " (\fB\-F\fR)
Instead of doing any package building, just perform fetches for all
packages (fetch everything in SRC_URI irregardless of USE setting).
.TP
.BR "\-\-getbinpkg " (\fB\-g\fR)
Using the server and location defined in \fIPORTAGE_BINHOST\fR (see 
\fBmake.conf\fR(5)), portage will download the information from each binary 
package found and it will use that information to help build the dependency 
list.  This option implies \fB\-k\fR.  (Use \fB\-gK\fR for binary\-only 
merging.)
.TP
.BR "\-\-getbinpkgonly " (\fB\-G\fR)
This option is identical to \fB\-g\fR, as above, except it will not use ANY 
information from the local machine.  All binaries will be downloaded from the 
remote server without consulting packages existing in the local packages 
directory.
.TP
.BR "\-\-ignore-default-opts"
Causes \fIEMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS\fR (see \fBmake.conf\fR(5)) to be ignored.
.TP
.BR "\-\-newuse " (\fB\-N\fR)
Tells emerge to include installed packages where USE flags have changed since 
compilation.  USE flag changes include:

A USE flag was added to a package.
A USE flag was removed from a package.
A USE flag was turned on for a package.
A USE flag was turned off for a package.

USE flags may be toggled by your profile as well as your USE and package.use
settings.
.TP
.BR "\-\-noconfmem"
Causes portage to disregard merge records indicating that a config file
inside of a \fBCONFIG_PROTECT\fR directory has been merged already.  Portage
will normally merge those files only once to prevent the user from
dealing with the same config multiple times.  This flag will cause the
file to always be merged.
.TP
.BR "\-\-nodeps " (\fB\-O\fR)
Merges specified packages without merging any dependencies.  Note that
the build may fail if the dependencies aren't satisfied.
.TP
.BR "\-\-noreplace " (\fB\-n\fR)
Skips the packages specified on the command\-line that have already
been installed.  Without this option, any packages, ebuilds, or deps
you specify on the command\-line \fBwill\fR cause Portage to remerge
the package, even if it is already installed.  Note that Portage will
not remerge dependencies by default.
.TP
.BR "\-\-nospinner"
Disables the spinner for the session.  The spinner is active when the
terminal device is determined to be a TTY.  This flag disables it regardless.
.TP
.BR "\-\-oneshot " (\fB\-1\fR)
Emerge as normal, but do not add the packages to the world file
for later updating.
.TP
.BR "\-\-onlydeps " (\fB\-o\fR)
Only merge (or pretend to merge) the dependencies of the packages
specified, not the packages themselves.
.TP
.BR "\-\-pretend " (\fB\-p\fR)
Instead of actually performing the merge, simply display what *would*
have been installed if \fB\-\-pretend\fR weren't used.  Using \fB\-\-pretend\fR
is strongly recommended before installing an unfamiliar package.  In
the printout:
.br 
 
.br 
\fIN\fR = new (not yet installed)
.br 
\fIS\fR = new SLOT installation (side-by-side versions) 
.br 
\fIU\fR = updating (to another version)
.br 
\fID\fR = downgrading (best version seems lower)
.br 
\fIR\fR = replacing (remerging same version))
.br 
\fIF\fR = fetch restricted (must be manually downloaded)
.br 
\fIf\fR = fetch restricted (already downloaded)
.br 
\fIB\fR = blocked by an already installed package
.TP
.BR "\-\-quiet " (\fB\-q\fR)
Results may vary, but the general outcome is a reduced or condensed
output from portage's displays.
.TP
.BR "\-\-reinstall changed\-use"
Tells emerge to include installed packages where USE flags have
changed since installation.  Unlike \fB\-\-newuse\fR, this option does
not trigger reinstallation when flags that the user has not
enabled are added or removed.
.TP
.BR "\-\-skipfirst"
This option is only valid when used with \fB\-\-resume\fR.  It removes the 
first package in the resume list so that a merge may continue in the presence 
of an uncorrectable or inconsequential error.  This should only be used in 
cases where skipping the package will not result in failed dependencies.
.TP
.BR "\-\-tree " (\fB\-t\fR)
Shows the dependency tree for the given target by indenting dependencies.
This is only really useful in combination with \fB\-\-emptytree\fR or 
\fB\-\-update\fR and \fB\-\-deep\fR.
.TP
.BR "\-\-usepkg " (\fB\-k\fR) 
Tells emerge to use binary packages (from $PKGDIR) if they are available, thus 
possibly avoiding some time\-consuming compiles.  This option is useful for CD 
installs; you can export PKGDIR=/mnt/cdrom/packages and then use this option to 
have emerge "pull" binary packages from the CD in order to satisfy dependencies.
.TP
.BR "\-\-usepkgonly " (\fB\-K\fR)
Tells emerge to only use binary packages (from $PKGDIR).  All the binary 
packages must be available at the time of dependency calculation or emerge 
will simply abort.  Portage does not use $PORTDIR when calculating dependency 
information so all masking information is ignored.
.TP
.BR "\-\-verbose " (\fB\-v\fR)
Tell emerge to run in verbose mode.  Currently this flag causes emerge to print 
out GNU info errors, if any, and to show the USE flags that will be used for 
each package when pretending. The following symbols are affixed to USE flags
in order to indicate their status:
.br

.br
\fI- prefix\fR     = not enabled (either disabled or removed)
.br
\fI* suffix\fR     = transition to or from the enabled state
.br
\fI% suffix\fR     = newly added or removed
.br
\fI() circumfix\fR = forced, masked, or removed
.TP
.BR "\-\-with\-bdeps < y | n >"
In dependency calculations, pull in build time dependencies
that are not strictly required. This defaults to \'n\' for
installation actions, meaning they will not be installed, and
\'y\' for the \fB\-\-depclean\fR action, meaning they will not be removed.
This setting can be added to
\fBEMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS\fR (see make.conf(5)) and later overridden via the
command line.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT OPTIONS"
.TP
\fBROOT\fR = \fI[path]\fR
Use \fBROOT\fR to specify the target root filesystem to be used for
merging packages or ebuilds.  This variable can be set in \fBmake.conf\fR(5)
when \fBPORTAGE_CONFIGROOT\fR has a value other than /.
.br
Defaults to /.
.TP
\fBPORTAGE_CONFIGROOT\fR = \fI[path]\fR
Use \fBPORTAGE_CONFIGROOT\fR to specify the location for various portage 
configuration files
(see \fBFILES\fR for a detailed list of configuration files).  This variable
can be set via the \fB\-\-config\-root\fR option.
.br
Defaults to /.
.SH "OUTPUT"
When utilizing \fBemerge\fR with the \fB\-\-pretend\fR and \fB\-\-verbose\fR 
flags, the output may be a little hard to understand at first.  This section
explains the abbreviations.
.TP
.B [blocks B     ] app\-text/dos2unix (from pkg app\-text/hd2u\-0.8.0)
Dos2unix is Blocking hd2u from being emerged.  Blockers are defined when
two packages will clobber each others files, or otherwise cause some form
of breakage in your system.  However, blockers usually do not need to be
simultaneously emerged because they usually provide the same functionality.
.TP
.B [ebuild  N    ] app\-games/qstat\-25c
Qstat is New to your system, and will be emerged for the first time.
.TP
.B [ebuild  NS   ] dev-libs/glib-2.4.7
You already have a version of glib installed, but a 'new' version in 
a different SLOT is available.
.TP
.B [ebuild   R   ] sys\-apps/sed\-4.0.5
Sed 4.0.5 has already been emerged, but if you run the command, then 
portage will Re\-emerge the specified package (sed in this case).
.TP
.B [ebuild    F  ] media\-video/realplayer\-8\-r6
The realplayer package requires that you Fetch the sources manually.  
When you attempt to emerge the package, if the sources are not found, 
then portage will halt and you will be provided with instructions on how 
to download the required files.
.TP
.B [ebuild    f  ] media\-video/realplayer\-8\-r6
The realplayer package's files are already downloaded.
.TP
.B [ebuild     U ] net\-fs/samba\-2.2.8_pre1 [2.2.7a]
Samba 2.2.7a has already been emerged and can be Updated to version 
2.2.8_pre1.
.TP
.B [ebuild     UD] media\-libs/libgd\-1.8.4 [2.0.11]
Libgd 2.0.11 is already emerged, but if you run the command, then 
portage will Downgrade to version 1.8.4 for you.
.br 
This may occur if a newer version of a package has been masked because it is
broken or it creates a security risk on your system and a fix has not been
released yet.
.br 
Another reason this may occur is if a package you are trying to emerge requires
an older version of a package in order to emerge successfully.  In this case,
libgd 2.x is incompatible with libgd 1.x.  This means that packages that were
created with libgd 1.x will not compile with 2.x and must downgrade libgd first
before they can emerge.
.TP
.B [ebuild     U ] sys\-devel/distcc\-2.16 [2.13\-r1] USE="ipv6* \-gtk \-qt%"
Here we see that the make.conf variable \fBUSE\fR affects how this package is
built.  In this example, ipv6 optional support is enabled and both gtk and qt
support are disabled.  The asterisk following ipv6 indicates that ipv6 support
was disabled the last time this packages was installed.  The percent sign
following qt indicates that the qt option has been added to the package since
it was last installed.  For information about all \fBUSE\fR symbols, see the
\fB\-\-verbose\fR option documentation above.
.br
\fB*Note:\fR Flags that haven't changed since the last install are only
displayed when you use the \fB\-\-pretend\fR and \fB\-\-verbose\fR options.
Using the \fB\-\-quiet\fR option will prevent all information from being
displayed.
.SH "NOTES"
You should almost always precede any package install or update attempt with a 
\fB\-\-pretend\fR install or update.  This lets you see how much will be 
done, and shows you any blocking packages that you will have to rectify.  
This goes doubly so for the \fBsystem\fR and \fBworld\fR sets, which can 
update a large number of packages if the portage tree has been particularly 
active.
.LP
You also want to typically use \fB\-\-update\fR, which ignores packages that 
are already fully updated but updates those that are not.
.LP
When you install a package with uninstalled dependencies and do
not explicitly state those dependencies in the list of parameters,
they will not be added to the world file.  If you want them to be
detected for world updates, make sure to explicitly list them as
parameters to \fBemerge\fR.
.LP
\fBUSE variables\fR may be specified on the command line to
override those specified in the default locations, letting you
avoid using some dependencies you may not want to have.  \fBUSE
flags specified on the command line are NOT remembered\fR.  For
example, \fBenv USE="\-X \-gnome" emerge mc\fR will emerge mc with
those USE settings (on Bourne-compatible shells you may omit the \fBenv\fR
part).  If you want those USE settings to be more 
permanent, you can put them in /etc/portage/package.use instead.
.LP
If \fBemerge \-\-update system\fR or \fBemerge \-\-update world\fR
fails with an error message, it may be that an ebuild uses some
newer feature not present in this version of \fBemerge\fR.  You
can use \fBemerge \-\-update portage\fR to upgrade to the lastest
version, which should support any necessary new features.
.SH "MASKED PACKAGES"
\fINOTE: Please use caution when using development packages.  Problems
and bugs resulting from misusing masked packages drains Gentoo
developer time.  Please be sure you are capable of handling any problems
that may ensue.\fR
.LP
Masks in \fBportage\fR have many uses: they allow a
testing period where the packages can be used in live machines; they
prevent the use of a package when it will fail; and they mask existing
packages that are broken or could pose a security risk.  Read below
to find out how to unmask in various cases.  Also note that if you give 
\fBemerge\fR an ebuild, then all forms of masking will be ignored and
\fBemerge\fR will attempt to emerge the package.
.TP
.BR package.mask
The \fBpackage.mask\fR file primarily blocks the use of packages that cause
problems or are known to have issues on different systems.  It resides in
\fI/usr/portage/profiles\fR.
.TP
.BR CHOST
The \CHOST\fR variable in \fBmake.conf\fR(5) is used to mask binary packages
that have been built with a different \CHOST\fR setting. The only
way to unmask such a binary package is to change the \CHOST\fR environment
variable so that it exactly matches that of the binary package.
.TP
.BR EAPI
The \fBEAPI\fR variable in an \fBebuild\fR(5) file is used to mask packages
that are not supported by the current version of portage. Packages masked by
\fBEAPI\fR can only be installed after portage has been upgraded.
.TP
.BR KEYWORDS
The \fBKEYWORDS\fR variable in an \fBebuild\fR file is also used for masking 
a package still in testing.  There are architecture\-specific keywords for 
each package that let \fBportage\fR know which systems are compatible with 
the package.  Packages which compile on an architecture, but have not been 
proven to be "stable", are masked with a tilde (\fB~\fR) in front of the 
architecture name.  \fBemerge\fR examines the \fBACCEPT_KEYWORDS\fR environment 
variable to allow or disallow the emerging of a package masked by 
\fBKEYWORDS\fR.  To inform \fBemerge\fR that it should build these 'testing' 
versions of packages, you should update your 
\fI/etc/portage/package.keywords\fR file to list the packages you want the 
\'testing\' version.  See \fBportage\fR(5) for more information.
.SH "CONFIGURATION FILES"
Portage has a special feature called "config file protection". The purpose of
this feature is to prevent new package installs from clobbering existing
configuration files. By default, config file protection is turned on for /etc
and the KDE configuration dirs; more may be added in the future.
.LP
When Portage installs a file into a protected directory tree like /etc, any
existing files will not be overwritten. If a file of the same name already
exists, Portage will change the name of the to\-be\-installed file from 'foo' to
\'._cfg0000_foo\'. If \'._cfg0000_foo\' already exists, this name becomes
\'._cfg0001_foo\', etc. In this way, existing files are not overwritten,
allowing the administrator to manually merge the new config files and avoid any
unexpected changes.
.LP
In addition to protecting overwritten files, Portage will not delete any files
from a protected directory when a package is unmerged. While this may be a
little bit untidy, it does prevent potentially valuable config files from being
deleted, which is of paramount importance.
.LP
Protected directories are set using the \fICONFIG_PROTECT\fR variable, normally
defined in /etc/make.globals. Directory exceptions to the CONFIG_PROTECTed
directories can be specified using the \fICONFIG_PROTECT_MASK\fR variable. To find
files that need to be updated in /etc, type \fBfind /etc \-iname \'._cfg????_*\'\fR.
.LP
You can disable this feature by setting \fICONFIG_PROTECT="\-*"\fR in /etc/make.conf.
Then, Portage will mercilessly auto\-update your config files. Alternatively,
you can leave Config File Protection on but tell Portage that it can overwrite
files in certain specific /etc subdirectories. For example, if you wanted
Portage to automatically update your rc scripts and your wget configuration,
but didn't want any other changes made without your explicit approval, you'd
add this to /etc/make.conf:
.LP
.I CONFIG_PROTECT_MASK="/etc/wget /etc/rc.d"
.LP
Tools such as dispatch\-conf, cfg\-update, and etc\-update are also available to
aid in the merging of these files. They provide interactive merging and can
auto\-merge trivial changes.
.SH "REPORTING BUGS"
Please report any bugs you encounter through our website:
.LP
\fBhttp://bugs.gentoo.org/\fR
.LP
Please include the output of \fBemerge \-\-info\fR when you submit your
bug report.
.SH "AUTHORS"
.nf
Daniel Robbins <drobbins@gentoo.org>
Geert Bevin <gbevin@gentoo.org>
Achim Gottinger <achim@gentoo.org>
Nicholas Jones <carpaski@gentoo.org>
Phil Bordelon <phil@thenexusproject.org>
Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Marius Mauch <genone@gentoo.org>
.fi
.SH "FILES"
Here is a common list of files you will probably be interested in.  For a 
complete listing, please refer to the \fBportage\fR(5) man page.
.TP
.B /var/lib/portage/world
Contains a list of all user\-specified packages.  You can safely edit
this file, adding packages that you want to be considered in \fBworld\fR
set updates and removing those that you do not want to be considered.
.TP
.B /etc/make.conf
Contains variables for the build process, overriding those in
\fBmake.globals\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/portage/color.map
Contains variables customizing colors.
.TP
.B /etc/dispatch\-conf.conf
Contains settings to handle automatic updates/backups of configuration 
files.
.TP
.B /etc/make.profile/make.defaults
Contains profile\-specific variables for the build process.  \fBDo not
edit this file\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/make.profile/use.defaults
Contains a list of packages which, if installed, cause the respective USE 
flag to be enabled by default.  \fBDo not edit this file\fR.
.TP
.B /usr/portage/profiles/use.desc
Contains the master list of USE flags with descriptions of their
functions.  \fBDo not edit this file\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/make.profile/virtuals
Contains a list of default packages used to resolve virtual dependencies.
\fBDo not edit this file\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/make.profile/packages
Contains a list of packages used for the base system.  The \fBsystem\fR
and \fBworld\fR sets consult this file.  \fBDo not edit this file\fR.
.TP
.B /etc/make.globals
Contains the default variables for the build process.  \fBDo not edit
this file\fR.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR "emerge \-\-help",
.BR quickpkg (1),
.BR ebuild (1),
.BR ebuild (5),
.BR make.conf (5),
.BR color.map (5),
.BR portage (5)
.LP
A number of helper applications reside in \fI/usr/lib/portage/bin\fR.
.LP
The \fBapp\-portage/gentoolkit\fR package contains useful scripts such as 
\fBequery\fR (a package query tool).